Nokea
In monozygotic twinning, splitting after the twelfth (12th) day of fertilization is highly associated with
- A. Fetal papyraceous
- B. Premature birth
- C. Siamese twin
- D. Diamniotic twin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Splitting after day 12 can lead to conjoined twins (Siamese twins).
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Achalasia is a risk factor for
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- C. Esophageal atrophy
- D. Malabsorption syndromes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, resulting in difficulty swallowing and impaired movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. Patients with achalasia have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This risk is due to chronic inflammation, stasis of food in the esophagus, and increased exposure of esophageal mucosa to irritants, all of which can contribute to the development of cancer over time. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Choice B) is less likely to be associated with achalasia because the impaired esophageal motility in achalasia results in decreased, rather than increased, reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. Esophageal atrophy (Choice C) and malabsorption syndromes (Choice D) are not directly related to achalasia.
Persistent nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy is indicative of
- A. Morning sickness
- B. Multiple gestation
- C. Hyperemesis gravidarum
- D. Hypertensive disorders
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Persistent nausea and vomiting is a hallmark of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Congenital malformations are common in monozygotic twinning. Dichorionicity occurs only in dizygotic twinning.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Rare
- D. Always True
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monozygotic twins typically have a single chorion, not two.
What is the role of antenatal corticosteroids in preterm labor?
- A. Reduce the risk of infection
- B. Accelerate fetal lung maturity
- C. Increase blood volume
- D. Promote fetal brain development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Corticosteroids accelerate fetal lung maturity to reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome.
A complication that is associated with breech delivery is
- A. Compression of cord
- B. Neonatal cephalhematoma
- C. Pathological jaundice
- D. Abruption placentae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Breech delivery is often associated with cord compression, which can cause fetal distress.