Nokea
In order to develop chicken pox, one must be exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Note, however, that not everyone who is exposed to the virus is affected. In other words, the virus is a ________
- A. risk factor.
- B. necessary cause.
- C. sufficient cause.
- D. contributory cause.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'necessary cause.' A necessary cause must be present for a disorder to occur. In the context of developing chicken pox, being exposed to the virus is a necessary condition for contracting the disease. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A 'risk factor' increases the probability of developing a disease but is not essential for its occurrence. A 'sufficient cause' can produce the outcome on its own, which is not the case with exposure to the chicken pox virus. A 'contributory cause' adds to other causes to produce an effect, but in this scenario, exposure to the virus is crucial by itself.
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Children from lower-SES families ________.
- A. are more likely to be resilient adults than those from higher-SES families.
- B. show no signs of ill effects if there is an increase in SES before age 5.
- C. are not affected by SES status unless persistent employment is the reason for the economic hardships of the family.
- D. are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Children from lower-SES families are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments. Choice A is incorrect because children from lower-SES families typically face more challenges and are not inherently more resilient. Choice B is incorrect as an increase in SES may not erase the effects of early socioeconomic disadvantages. Choice C is incorrect as SES status can impact children from lower-SES families regardless of the reason for economic hardships.
What is object-relations theory?
- A. It is the theory that focuses on observable behaviors only.
- B. It is a newer psychodynamic theory focusing on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships.
- C. It is the theory that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
- D. It is a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing maladaptive thought patterns.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object-relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that focuses on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships. Choice A is incorrect because object-relations theory goes beyond observable behaviors to explore internalized relationships. Choice C is incorrect because object-relations theory does not primarily emphasize cognitive processes. Choice D is incorrect because object-relations theory is not a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing thought patterns.
How does stress impact brain function?
- A. Stress has no effect on brain function.
- B. Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function.
- C. Stress can improve brain function.
- D. Stress has no long-term impact on brain function.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function, affecting mental health and increasing the risk of disorders. Choice A is incorrect as stress does affect brain function. Choice C is incorrect as stress generally has negative impacts on brain function rather than improving it. Choice D is incorrect because stress can have long-term impacts on brain function through structural and functional changes.
Distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian parenting.
- A. Authoritative parents are controlling and less communicative.
- B. Authoritarian parents are warm and communicative but set firm limits.
- C. Authoritative parents are less controlling and more communicative.
- D. Authoritarian parents are neither warm nor communicative, often leading to moody, irritable children.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Authoritative parents are warm and communicative while also setting firm limits, creating a balanced and nurturing environment. Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are controlling, less communicative, and tend to set strict rules without much room for discussion. This approach may lead to children becoming irritable and moody due to the lack of warmth and excessive control. Choices A and C incorrectly mix up the characteristics of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Choice D, although mentioning irritable children, does not accurately capture the key differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.
Distinguish between necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes of abnormal behavior.
- A. Necessary causes are required for a disorder to develop but do not guarantee it.
- B. Sufficient causes guarantee a disorder will develop, but they are not required.
- C. Contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder but are neither necessary nor sufficient.
- D. Contributory causes are conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In understanding abnormal behavior, it is crucial to differentiate between necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes. Necessary causes are those that are required for a disorder to develop, meaning that without them, the disorder would not occur. However, their presence does not guarantee the occurrence of the disorder. Sufficient causes, on the other hand, are those that alone can guarantee the development of a disorder, but they are not the only factors that can lead to it. Contributory causes are factors that increase the likelihood of a disorder but are not essential on their own nor do they guarantee the disorder. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the role of necessary causes in the development of abnormal behavior. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they misrepresent the definitions and roles of sufficient and contributory causes in causing abnormal behavior.