Nokea
In response to chronic hypoxia, which physiological adaptation occurs in the body to increase oxygen delivery to tissues?
- A. Decreased erythropoietin production
- B. Decreased red blood cell production
- C. Increased cardiac output
- D. Decreased ventilation rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In response to chronic hypoxia, the body adapts to increase oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing cardiac output. This is achieved by increasing the heart rate and stroke volume, allowing more oxygenated blood to be pumped to the tissues. The increased cardiac output helps compensate for the lower oxygen levels in the blood, ensuring that tissues receive an adequate supply of oxygen despite the hypoxic conditions. This physiological adaptation is essential for maintaining tissue oxygenation and supporting overall cellular function in the presence of chronic hypoxia.
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Evelyn was given iron as supplemental vitamin to prevent maternal anemia. She asks if
- A. Which of the following would be the best response of the nurse?
- B. "Take two other vitamins separately."
- C. Absorption of iron is enhanced with Vit C.
- D. "Drink milk when taking the iron supplement."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct response would be "Absorption of iron is enhanced with Vitamin C." Iron absorption is increased in the presence of Vitamin C. Therefore, recommending Evelyn to take her iron supplement with a source of Vitamin C such as orange juice or a Vitamin C tablet would optimize the absorption of iron in her body and help prevent maternal anemia more effectively. Taking iron with other vitamins separately, after a full meal, or with milk would not have the same beneficial effect on iron absorption as combining it with Vitamin C.
A patient is prescribed a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the management of pain. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor closely in the patient?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Gastrointestinal bleeding
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: NSAIDs are commonly known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects, including gastritis, ulcers, and gastrointestinal bleeding. This risk is due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which plays a protective role in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Gastrointestinal bleeding can manifest as symptoms such as black, tarry stools, vomiting blood, or abdominal pain. Therefore, it is crucial for the nurse to closely monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding while taking NSAIDs to prevent potentially serious complications. Hypotension, hyperkalemia, and hyperglycemia are not commonly associated with NSAIDs use, making them less likely adverse effects to monitor for in this scenario.
Which is the MOST important criterion in budgeting?
- A. Flexibility
- B. Consistency
- C. Standardized
- D. Cost of effectiveness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flexibility is the most important criterion in budgeting because it allows for adjustments to be made as circumstances change. Budgeting is a dynamic process, and having a flexible budget enables organizations or individuals to adapt to unexpected changes in income or expenses. This helps in ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively to meet the overall financial goals. Consistency, standardization, and cost-effectiveness are also important considerations in budgeting, but flexibility is key to successfully managing financial resources in a changing environment.
Which of the following signs is indicative of shock in a trauma patient?
- A. Increased heart rate
- B. Hypertension
- C. Rapid capillary refill
- D. Hyperthermia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rapid capillary refill is a sign indicative of shock in a trauma patient. Shock is a life-threatening condition where the body's organs and tissues do not receive adequate blood flow and oxygen, leading to cellular damage and eventual organ failure. In a trauma patient, rapid capillary refill suggests poor perfusion, which is a common feature of shock. The capillary refill time is an important clinical assessment that measures the time it takes for color to return to the nail bed after pressure is applied. In cases of shock, the refill time is faster than normal, indicating a systemic circulatory disturbance. Other signs of shock may include tachycardia (increased heart rate), hypotension (not hypertension), and hypothermia (not hyperthermia).
A patient presents with a painless, gradually enlarging mass in the left neck, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Fine-needle aspiration cytology reveals thyroid follicular cells. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Thyroglossal duct cyst
- B. Lymphadenopathy
- C. Thyroid adenoma
- D. Thyroid carcinoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presentation described is most consistent with a thyroid adenoma. Thyroid adenomas are benign neoplasms of the thyroid gland and can present as painless, gradually enlarging masses in the neck. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealing thyroid follicular cells further supports the diagnosis of a thyroid adenoma. Thyroglossal duct cysts typically present as midline neck masses that move with swallowing, while lymphadenopathy presents as enlarged lymph nodes and may be associated with infection or malignancy. Thyroid carcinoma may also present as a neck mass but is more likely to be associated with other features such as vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, or enlarged cervical lymph nodes.