Nokea
In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, what does Piaget refer to as 'experimentation,' where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects?
- A. Short-term memory
- B. Working memory
- C. Core memories
- D. Long-term memory
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Long-term memory.' In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, Piaget refers to 'experimentation' as tertiary circular reactions, where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects. This stage involves exploring and testing different ways of interacting with the world to understand cause and effect relationships. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with Piaget's concept of tertiary circular reactions and experimentation in the sensorimotor stage of development.
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What term refers to the awareness that other people have their own intentions, desires, wants, and motives?
- A. Theory of mind
- B. Theory of personality
- C. Theory of being
- D. Theory of awareness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Theory of mind.' Theory of mind is the understanding that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This ability allows individuals to attribute mental states to others, enabling them to understand and predict behavior based on those mental states. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not specifically address the awareness of others' intentions, desires, wants, and motives.
David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a delusion of?
- A. Persecution
- B. Influence
- C. Reference
- D. Grandeur
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reference. A delusion of reference is when an individual believes that external events or characters are sending them personal messages. In this scenario, David's belief that characters from the science fiction show are sending him messages aligns with a delusion of reference. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because persecution delusions involve feeling targeted or harassed, influence delusions involve believing external forces are controlling one's thoughts or actions, and grandeur delusions involve an exaggerated sense of importance or power.
Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences are described as?
- A. Secure
- B. Avoidant
- C. Ambivalent
- D. Disorganized
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Ambivalent.' Children with an ambivalent temperament are indeed generally mild but hesitant about accepting new experiences. This temperament is characterized by a combination of mildness and hesitance. Choice A, 'Secure,' refers to children who are comfortable with both their caregiver's presence and absence, showing a secure attachment style. Choice B, 'Avoidant,' describes children who tend to avoid or ignore their caregiver, displaying an insecure attachment style. Choice D, 'Disorganized,' represents children with inconsistent or confused behaviors towards their caregiver, exhibiting an insecure and disoriented attachment style.
John Watson argued that psychologists should?
- A. Use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
- B. Be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
- C. Confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
- D. Abandon the study of consciousness.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: John Watson was a key figure in the development of behaviorism, which advocated for focusing on observable behavior rather than the study of consciousness. Choice D is the correct answer because Watson believed that psychology should abandon the study of consciousness. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because Watson's approach emphasized behavior and rejected the importance of consciousness, introspection, or confining psychology to only mentally ill individuals.
Which part of the superego develops from our experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do?
- A. Conscience
- B. Ego-ideal
- C. Regressing back to the anal stage
- D. Regressing back to the oral stage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Ego-ideal. The Ego-ideal is a subsystem of the superego that develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior. It guides individuals on what they should do, setting standards and ideals for behavior. Choice A, Conscience, represents the part of the superego that focuses on what one should not do, based on experiences with punishment for improper behavior. Choices C and D, regressing back to the anal and oral stages respectively, are irrelevant to the development of the superego's components and are not related to experiences with rewards for proper behavior.