Nokea
In the buccal cavity of human being, digestion of which one of the following get started?
- A. Protein
- B. Fat
- C. Carbohydrates
- D. Nucleic acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the buccal cavity due to the action of salivary amylase, which breaks down starches into simpler sugars.
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Taste buds are found in the following areas EXCEPT:
- A. Oral mucosa & soft palate
- B. Esophagus
- C. Laryngeal surface of Epiglottis
- D. Tongue papilla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Taste buds are absent in the esophagus; they are present on the tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis for taste perception.
Ptyalin is secreted by and work in medium.
- A. Stomach, acidic
- B. Salivary gland, slightly acidic
- C. Pancreas, alkaline
- D. Bile, alkaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ptyalin (salivary amylase) is secreted by salivary glands and works in a slightly acidic to neutral pH.
Ventral [lower] surface of hard palate is covered by:
- A. Pseudo stratifies columnar epith.
- B. Stratified squamous keratinized (parakeratinized).
- C. Stratified squamous non keratinized.
- D. Transitional epith.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The ventral surface of the hard palate is covered by stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized (often parakeratinized) to withstand mechanical stress from food. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in respiratory regions, not here.
A 40-year-old patient presents with frequent episodes of heartburn, regurgitation, and a sour taste in the mouth after meals. Symptoms are worse when lying down or bending over. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Hiatal hernia
- C. Pancreatitis
- D. Peptic esophagitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hiatal hernia allows acid reflux into the esophagus, worsened by lying down or bending, causing heartburn and regurgitation.
Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of
- A. Galactose
- B. Vitamin B12
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Micelles, formed by bile salts, facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin D in the small intestine.