Nokea
Blood Pressure Regulators
The body comprises systems that have evolved and diversified to maintain essential functions and processes. One such system is the cardiovascular system, which includes critical regulators of blood pressure. The heart serves as the body’s pump, ensuring a steady flow of vital oxygen to all cells while facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products. Given that blood pressure varies at different points throughout the body, various components are necessary to regulate it effectively. Three primary components involved in blood pressure regulation are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors, which are stretch receptors made up of fine branching nerve endings, are located along the walls of arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body. When these baroreceptors detect stretching in the arterial walls, they send impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, leading to an increase or decrease in blood pressure. Chemoreceptors, found along the walls of the arteries, monitor changes in oxygen levels, carbon dioxide, and pH. For instance, a drop in oxygen levels triggers these receptors to send impulses that raise blood pressure. The kidneys also play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by absorbing salts and water while eliminating waste. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex influence the kidneys to retain or excrete salt and water, thereby affecting blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
In the context provided, what does the term 'evolved' mean?
- A. To spread
- B. To gradually develop
- C. To revolve
- D. To shift
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To gradually develop.' In the context provided, 'evolved' refers to the gradual development and diversification of systems within the body to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. Evolution implies a process of advancement and adaptation over time, aligning with the concept of gradual development.
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Homonyms: English is a vibrant, changing, dynamic language. It allows people to express their thoughts in diverse ways, as there are many synonyms and antonyms to choose from. The hardest part for the English speaker—or those learning English as a second language—
is learning about homonyms. These are words that sound alike but are spelled different ways, with different meanings.
One example is 'Our'. This word, spelled 'one' means the numeral 1, an amount. If spelled 'won,' it means to be victorious. Now words spelling is a difficult skill to master.
Other homonyms encountered by the beginning English speaker are 'To, two, too,' 'four, for, fore,' 'there, their, they're' and 'son, sun' to name just a few. This is one reason that 'spell check' programs on word processing computers cannot be completely accurate, because the way a word is spelled depends on the context of the sentence. Proofreaders will always be in demand.
What inference can be drawn from the article?
- A. English should be learned by all people.
- B. Spelling is an easy skill to learn.
- C. Spell check' should be used by all computer users.
- D. English is a difficult language to master.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: English is a difficult language to master. The rationale behind this is based on the content of the article, which highlights the challenges of learning English, particularly in relation to homonyms. The article mentions that homonyms, words that sound alike but are spelled differently with different meanings, pose a challenge for English speakers and learners. It emphasizes that mastering words' spelling can be difficult. This indicates that English is not an easy language to learn, as highlighted by the complexities of homonyms and spelling variations.
Choice A is incorrect because the article does not explicitly state that English should be learned by all people. Choice B is incorrect as the article emphasizes that spelling, especially with homonyms, is a difficult skill to master. Choice C is incorrect as the article does not focus on the use of spell check programs but rather on the challenges of spelling and homonyms in English.
Factory
Care In planning and management Is needed if a factory is to run well. Work area should be large. clean, well lighted and airy. Work should move in 3 straight line from one machine to another. This allows materials in different stages of production to advance smoothly. As orders increase, some factories hire consultants to redesign their outdated operation flow and streamline workstations and equipment within the plant. Using 2 factory management system can double production as well as Improve the rate of on-time deliveries. Careful planning and execution can also contribute to harmonious relations between labor and management.
What is the author's purpose in writing this composition?
- A. describing a modern factory.
- B. persuading people to modernize factory design.
- C. persuading management to shorten the workweek.
- D. explaining how factories are built.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The passage emphasizes the importance of planning, management, and modernization for efficient factory operation. It discusses redesigning workflows, utilizing modern management systems, and enhancing labor-management relations. These points collectively indicate that the author's main purpose is to persuade readers to consider modernizing factory design rather than merely describing factories, advocating for shorter workweeks, or explaining the construction of factories.
The Summer Olympic Games. Once every four years the countries of the world send their best and brightest to participate in the Summer Olympic Games. The site for the event is decided years before, and most countries contend strongly for the privilege to host the Games. The 2008 games were held in Bejing, China.
There is a lot of pageantry and tradition attached to the event. The opening ceremony is elaborate and awe-inspiring. China put on a spectacularly beautiful fireworks display to welcome the world's athletes in 2008.
The track events, water events (swimming, diving) and precision activities such as archery and rhythmic gymnastics are wonderful to watch. Seeing these athletes perform their special skills is a treat for those of us who achieve a vicarious satisfaction from it. Everyone roots for the athletes from their own country and we thrill when our anther is played during the medal ceremony. Being an Olympian is an honor every athlete dreams of.
How often are the Summer Olympic Games held?
- A. Every two years.
- B. Every four years.
- C. Annually.
- D. Once a decade.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Summer Olympic Games are held 'once every four years,' as stated in the text. This timeframe allows countries to send their best athletes to participate. The correct answer is B, 'Every four years,' making it a significant and eagerly anticipated global event. The four-year interval also allows for ample time for countries to prepare, build excitement, and showcase their best talents on a world stage.
It is a well-known fact that it takes the Earth approximately 365 days to orbit the Sun. At the same time, the Earth revolves or spins around itself over the course of 24 hours, which explains why we experience day and night. One half of the Earth is always facing the Sun, while the other half is facing away. As a result, different time zones divide the globe. Moving suddenly from one time zone to another, such as when flying from Asia to North America, can cause jet lag. People often feel tired, wake up suddenly during the night, and cannot return to sleep. It takes time to adjust to a new time zone. Another important factor to consider is the slight tilt of the Earth toward the Sun. The Earth does not stand straight but leans slightly to one side. Therefore, when it revolves around the Sun, the middle part of the Earth is always closer to the Sun and receives more heat. This area is called the equator, and the regions above and below it are known as the tropics. Countries located in the tropics receive a consistent amount of daylight throughout the year, with the Sun rising at 6 AM and setting at 6 PM. In contrast, the tips of the Earth, or the poles, receive hardly any light because they are so far from the Sun. There are two main seasons at the poles: 6 months of summer, when the Sun is always shining (even at night), and 6 months of winter, characterized by constant darkness. Between the tropics and the poles lies the temperate zone, where there are four distinct seasons. The Sun rises and sets at different times throughout the year. In spring and summer, it gets light earlier; in fall and winter, it gets dark earlier. People living in temperate zones take advantage of this variation to maximize their daylight exposure. At the beginning of spring, countries in Europe and North America readjust their clocks by moving them an hour ahead. As a result, the Sun does not set around 7 or 8 PM as usual, but an hour later. This practice is called Daylight Savings Time (DST) and lasts until the beginning of fall, when people move their clocks back one hour to Standard or Regular Time. It is believed that Benjamin Franklin first suggested the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the 18th century, but the first serious proposal came in 1907 from William Willet. However, his idea was shelved by the British government, which deemed it unnecessary. Daylight Savings Time was first implemented by the German government in 1916 in order to save energy during World War I. Shortly after, the United Kingdom followed suit, with the United States doing the same in 1918. The law was unpopular, as people had to wake up earlier, leading many to experience a feeling similar to jet lag. However, the energy crisis of the 1970s forced the U.S. to establish Daylight Savings Time as law. Studies showed that the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the spring saved the U.S. 10,000 barrels of oil per day between 1974 and 1975. It also prevented 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 traffic-related deaths, saving the country $28 million. Currently, Americans switch to Daylight Savings Time on the first Sunday in April and revert to Standard Time on the last Sunday in October. As of 2007, the time adjustments occur even earlier in March and November.
What can be inferred about Daylight Savings Time?
- A. It will be modified starting in 2007.
- B. It will be canceled right after the end of 2007.
- C. It will be replaced with Standard Time in March 2007.
- D. It will be adjusted shortly before the start of 2007.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "It will be modified starting in 2007." The passage mentions that as of 2007, the time readjustment for Daylight Savings Time will happen even earlier, in March and November. This implies that there will be modifications to the timing of Daylight Savings Time starting in 2007, aligning with the information provided in the passage about the changes in the timing of Daylight Savings Time adjustments.
Isaac Asimov: Isaac Asimov (1920 - 1992) was a very prolific writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.
Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.
Asimov was afraid of flying, so he seldom traveled great distances, partly because his aversion to flying complicated the logistics of long-distance travel. He did enjoy traveling on cruise ships, and on several occasions he became part of the cruise's entertainment, giving science-themed talks. Asimov was an able public speaker, and enjoyed speaking to groups, especially at science fiction conventions.
What is the definition of 'prolific' as used in the first paragraph?
- A. Highly productive.
- B. Eccentric.
- C. Literate.
- D. Against war.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Highly productive. In the context of the passage, "prolific" is used to describe Isaac Asimov as being very productive in his writing endeavors. He produced a large number of works in various genres, including science fiction, popular science, mysteries, and fantasy. This term emphasizes his vast output and the sheer volume of his literary contributions.
Choice B (Eccentric) is incorrect because the passage does not mention anything about Asimov being eccentric. Choice C (Literate) is incorrect as well, as the term "prolific" does not refer to being literate but rather to being highly productive. Choice D (Against war) is also incorrect as there is no mention of war or any anti-war sentiment associated with the term "prolific" in the given context.