Nokea
In the majority of cases, the first clinical manifestation of physiologic stress ulcer is
- A. Epigastric pain
- B. Change in mental status
- C. Fever
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fever. The first clinical manifestation of physiologic stress ulcer is often a fever due to the body's response to stress. This is because stress can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to an increase in body temperature. Epigastric pain (choice A) is more commonly associated with peptic ulcers. Change in mental status (choice B) is not a typical early symptom of physiologic stress ulcer. Hemorrhage (choice D) is a severe complication that can occur later in the course of the disease, but it is not typically the first clinical manifestation.
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Which of the following is not a true statement with respect to decision making for a cognitively impaired patient?
- A. Only a court can declare a patient incompetent
- B. Impaired cognition does not make a person incompetent
- C. Living wills typically are honored if a person is terminally ill
- D. A patient can give informed consent if not declared incompetent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because living wills are typically not honored for terminally ill patients with impaired cognition. Firstly, living wills require the patient to be of sound mind to make decisions. Secondly, in the case of a cognitively impaired patient, their ability to express their wishes and understand the implications may be compromised. Therefore, healthcare providers may not be able to honor the living will accurately. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because A) competency can be determined by healthcare professionals, B) impaired cognition can lead to incompetence, and D) informed consent requires the patient to understand the decision-making process.
The factor indicative of an abnormal labour pattern on vaginal examination is
- A. The vagina is warm and moist
- B. Cervical canal is long and thick
- C. Cervical canal is short and thin
- D. The vagina is hot and dry
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: In normal labor, the cervix undergoes effacement and dilation.
Step 2: A short and thin cervical canal indicates progression towards labor.
Step 3: Long and thick cervical canal suggests a delay in labor progress.
Step 4: Choice C, short and thin cervical canal, is indicative of abnormal labor.
Summary: A, B, and D do not reflect changes in the cervix seen in labor, making them incorrect choices.
How does the maternal microbiome influence the health of the fetus during pregnancy?
- A. By increasing fetal weight
- B. By altering immune development
- C. By reducing placental oxygen levels
- D. By enhancing amniotic fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: By altering immune development. The maternal microbiome plays a crucial role in shaping the fetal immune system during pregnancy. Microbes in the mother's body can influence the development of the fetus's immune system through various mechanisms, such as immune cells crossing the placenta. This interaction helps the fetus develop tolerance to maternal antigens.
Choice A (By increasing fetal weight) is incorrect because the maternal microbiome's influence is not primarily related to weight gain. Choice C (By reducing placental oxygen levels) is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the immune system development. Choice D (By enhancing amniotic fluid) is incorrect as the main influence is on the immune system rather than amniotic fluid enhancement.
When caring for a mother following an assisted vaginal delivery, it’s MOST important to remember that
- A. A vacuum extractor is safer than forceps because it causes less trauma to the baby & the mother’s perineum
- B. The baby will develop a cephalhematoma as a result of the instrumentation which is a normal expected outcome
- C. The use of instruments during the birth process is a fairly rare occurrence for women
- D. Additional nursing interventions are needed to ensure an uncomplicated postpartum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because additional nursing interventions are necessary to ensure an uncomplicated postpartum period. After an assisted vaginal delivery, the mother may experience increased pain, perineal trauma, and a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Nursing interventions such as pain management, wound care, monitoring for signs of infection, and emotional support are crucial for the mother's recovery.
A is incorrect because both vacuum extractors and forceps can cause trauma to the baby and mother's perineum, and the safety of one over the other depends on various factors.
B is incorrect as the development of a cephalhematoma is not a normal expected outcome of assisted vaginal delivery and should be monitored and managed appropriately if it occurs.
C is incorrect as the use of instruments during childbirth, while not as common as spontaneous vaginal deliveries, is not rare and can be necessary in certain situations to ensure the safety of the mother and baby.
Flexion-distraction injuries of the thoracolumbar spine are most commonly caused by
- A. Blunt trauma
- B. Rotational injury
- C. Seat belts
- D. Gunshot wounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rotational injury. Flexion-distraction injuries of the thoracolumbar spine are often caused by rotational forces that occur during accidents such as motor vehicle collisions or falls. These forces lead to the spine being twisted, causing separation of the vertebrae. Blunt trauma (A) can cause various spinal injuries but is not specific to flexion-distraction injuries. Seat belts (C) are designed to prevent spinal injuries by restraining the body during a collision. Gunshot wounds (D) can cause spinal cord injuries but are not commonly associated with flexion-distraction injuries of the thoracolumbar spine.