Nokea
In third-degree atrioventricular block, all sinus impulses fail to activate the ventricles. This will be detected by
- A. A highly variable PR interval
- B. Regular PP intervals
- C. A slow heart rate
- D. Regular RR intervals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Slow heart rate reflects lack of conduction from atria to ventricles.
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What is a condition where the alveoli are gradually destroyed, leading to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen exchange?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Pulmonary fibrosis
- C. Pulmonary edema
- D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer. Alveoli destruction in emphysema leads to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen exchange. This condition is primarily caused by smoking and results in irreversible damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli destruction. Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs, disrupting oxygen exchange. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung, which may not directly lead to alveoli destruction.
Which medication is used to lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes?
- A. ACE inhibitor
- B. Beta-blocker
- C. Diuretic
- D. Calcium channel blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ACE inhibitor. ACE inhibitors work by dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. They also help protect the heart and improve its function. Beta-blockers (B) lower heart rate, diuretics (C) reduce fluid retention, and calcium channel blockers (D) relax blood vessels, but they do not offer the same comprehensive benefits for high blood pressure and cardiovascular health as ACE inhibitors.
What type of medication is used to reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent asthma attacks?
- A. Corticosteroid
- B. Bronchodilator
- C. Antihistamine
- D. Mucolytic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Corticosteroid. Corticosteroids work by reducing inflammation in the airways, which is a key factor in asthma attacks. They help prevent asthma symptoms by decreasing swelling and mucus production in the airways. Bronchodilators (B) help to relax and widen the airways but do not target inflammation. Antihistamines (C) are used to treat allergies and do not directly address asthma inflammation. Mucolytics (D) help to thin mucus in the airways but do not specifically target airway inflammation in asthma.
If Mrs. Payer's pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is rising above normal values, this would indicate
- A. right ventricular failure
- B. hypovolemia
- C. left ventricular failure
- D. ventricular irritability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated PCWP reflects left ventricular dysfunction.
What is a condition where the heart's ability to pump blood is reduced because the heart muscle is enlarged, thickened, or stiffened?
- A. Cardiomyopathy
- B. Endocarditis
- C. Myocarditis
- D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy refers to a condition where the heart muscle is enlarged, thickened, or stiffened, leading to a reduced ability to pump blood effectively. This condition directly relates to the heart's structural changes, impacting its pumping function. Endocarditis (B) is an infection of the heart's inner lining, not directly related to heart muscle changes. Myocarditis (C) is inflammation of the heart muscle but does not necessarily involve structural changes leading to reduced pumping ability. Aortic stenosis (D) is a condition where the heart's aortic valve is narrowed, impeding blood flow, but it does not specifically refer to the heart muscle changes seen in cardiomyopathy.