Nokea
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during external respiration?
- A. from the blood into the tissue cells
- B. from the blood into the lungs
- C. from the lungs into the atmosphere
- D. from the tissue cells into the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During external respiration, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs. This is because the blood carries carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be eliminated during exhalation. Choice A is incorrect because carbon dioxide does not move from the blood into the tissue cells during external respiration. Choice C is incorrect as carbon dioxide is exhaled into the atmosphere, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as carbon dioxide is produced in the tissue cells and needs to be transported back into the blood for removal in the lungs.
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The rate and depth of breathing are governed by
- A. chemoreceptors in arterial walls.
- B. baroreceptors in the diaphragm
- C. the partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere
- D. a respiratory center in the brainstem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the rate and depth of breathing are controlled by a respiratory center in the brainstem, which includes the medulla and pons. The medulla regulates the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps adjust the rate and depth based on input from chemoreceptors and other factors. Choice A is incorrect because chemoreceptors in arterial walls primarily detect changes in blood pH and CO2 levels, not directly control breathing. Choice B is incorrect as baroreceptors in the diaphragm are more related to detecting stretch and pressure changes, not regulating breathing. Choice C is incorrect as the partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere does not directly control breathing but rather influences oxygen exchange in the lungs.
On auscultation, which finding suggests a right pneumothorax?
- A. Bilateral inspiratory and expiratory crackles.
- B. Absence of breaths sound in the right thorax.
- C. Inspiratory wheezes in the right thorax.
- D. Bilateral pleural friction rub.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in a right pneumothorax, there is a loss of breath sounds on auscultation due to air in the pleural space preventing lung expansion and sound transmission. This absence of breath sounds is a classic finding in pneumothorax.
A: Bilateral inspiratory and expiratory crackles are indicative of conditions like pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis, not pneumothorax.
C: Inspiratory wheezes suggest conditions like asthma or bronchitis, not pneumothorax.
D: Bilateral pleural friction rub is typically heard in conditions like pleurisy or pleural effusion, not pneumothorax.
The patient is apprehensive about undergoing bronchoscopy. He cannot imagine having anything inserted into his throat. What is the best response?
- A. The physician performs this procedure hundreds of times a week.
- B. The physician had it performed 3 years ago and he/she was fine.
- C. The thought of this procedure seems to be disturbing the patient. He/she will be asleep during this procedure. The physician should visit the patient again and answer any questions that he/she has regarding the procedure.
- D. The patient would not feel a thing. He/she will be fine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Acknowledging the patient's anxiety and providing reassurance while addressing concerns is the best approach. A and B are inappropriate as they dismiss the patient's feelings. D oversimplifies the procedure.
A pulmonary embolus is suspected in a patient with a deep vein thrombosis who develops hemoptysis, tachycardia, and chest pain. Diagnostic testing is scheduled. Which test should the nurse plan to teach the patient about?
- A. Chest x-rays
- B. Spiral (helical) CT scan
- C. Take the patient’s pulse and blood pressure.
- D. Ventilation-perfusion lung scan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A Spiral (helical) CT scan is the most appropriate diagnostic test for suspected pulmonary embolism as it provides detailed imaging of the pulmonary arteries, allowing for visualization of blood clots.
The windpipe is also called
- A. Trachea
- B. lungs
- C. larynx
- D. bronchi
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trachea. The trachea is the windpipe, a tube that carries air to and from the lungs. It is located in front of the esophagus. The trachea is made up of cartilage rings, allowing it to stay open and prevent it from collapsing. The other choices are incorrect because the lungs are the organs where gas exchange occurs, the larynx is the voice box, and the bronchi are the two branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs.