Nokea
In which form of hypospadias should circumcision be deferred in order to preserve the prepuce for later surgical repair?
- A. Ventral displacement
- B. Proximal displacement
- C. Midscrotal hypospadias
- D. Meatus proximal to the corona
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In ventral displacement hypospadias, circumcision should be deferred to preserve prepuce for later surgical repair as the prepuce is needed for reconstruction. The prepuce can be used as a tissue graft to correct the hypospadias. In proximal displacement, the urethral opening is closer to the scrotum, making prepuce preservation less critical. Midscrotal hypospadias and meatus proximal to the corona do not typically involve prepuce preservation for surgical repair.
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Secondary postpartum haemorrhage mostly occurs between the 8th-14th day postpartumly and can extend up to the first 46 days following delivery.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Rarely True
- D. Sometimes True
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because secondary postpartum hemorrhage typically occurs between the 8th-14th day postpartum and can extend up to 6 weeks after delivery. This timeframe aligns with the physiological changes and healing process after childbirth.
Choice B is incorrect because it contradicts the established timeframe for secondary postpartum hemorrhage.
Choice C is incorrect as secondary postpartum hemorrhage is not rare but rather a recognized complication that can occur after childbirth.
Choice D is incorrect as secondary postpartum hemorrhage does not happen sporadically, but rather follows a defined timeframe based on postpartum physiological changes.
A neonate whose birth weight is 1201 grams is regarded as
- A. Genetically small neonate
- B. Low birth weight neonate
- C. Very low birth weight neonate
- D. Extremely low birth weight neonate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Very low birth weight neonate. This designation is given to infants whose birth weight is less than 1500 grams. In this case, the neonate's weight of 1201 grams falls within the criteria for very low birth weight. Choice A is incorrect because being genetically small does not necessarily equate to low birth weight. Choice B is incorrect as low birth weight typically refers to infants weighing between 1500-2499 grams. Choice D is incorrect as extremely low birth weight pertains to infants weighing less than 1000 grams.
While participating in sports, it is not uncommon for people to be subjected to sudden rotational injuries that result in the abrupt rotation of the cerebral cortex around the more fixed midbrain structures. This can interrupt input and outflow from the reticular activating system and result in what clinical phenomenon?
- A. Epidural hematoma
- B. Uncal herniation
- C. Concussion
- D. Contrecoup injury
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Sudden rotational injuries can disrupt brain function.
Step 2: Abrupt rotation of the cerebral cortex can affect the reticular activating system.
Step 3: Disruption of the reticular activating system can lead to altered consciousness.
Step 4: Altered consciousness is a hallmark of a concussion.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Concussion. Other choices are incorrect because an epidural hematoma involves bleeding between the skull and dura (A), uncal herniation involves brain shifting through tentorium (B), and contrecoup injury occurs opposite the site of impact (D).
Which one of the following fetal positions is associated with intense back pain during labor?
- A. Occipito-anterior
- B. Transverse position
- C. Occipito-posterior
- D. Occipito-lateral
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Occipito-posterior. This position occurs when the baby's head is facing forward but towards the mother's spine. This position can cause intense back pain during labor because the baby's head puts pressure on the mother's lower back. Occipito-anterior (A) is the most common and ideal position for labor. Transverse position (B) is when the baby is lying sideways, which may cause prolonged labor but not necessarily intense back pain. Occipito-lateral (D) is a less common position where the baby's head is facing sideways, which may not specifically cause intense back pain.
A neonate of a smear-negative mother just before birth receives BCG as usual.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. -
- D. -
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. This is because BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended even if the mother is smear-negative for tuberculosis, as it helps protect the newborn from severe forms of TB. Smear status of the mother does not impact the need for BCG vaccination in the neonate. Choice B is incorrect as it falsely implies that BCG should not be given in this scenario. Choices C and D are not applicable as they do not provide any information.