Nokea
In which form of hypospadias should circumcision be deferred in order to preserve the prepuce for later surgical repair?
- A. Ventral displacement
- B. Proximal displacement
- C. Midscrotal hypospadias
- D. Meatus proximal to the corona
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventral displacement. In ventral displacement hypospadias, the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis, making it necessary to defer circumcision to preserve the prepuce for later surgical repair. Preserving the prepuce in this case is important for reconstructive surgery to correct the hypospadias. Choices B, C, and D do not require deferring circumcision as the location of the urethral opening does not impact the need for prepuce preservation for future surgical repair.
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Causes of Down syndrome are
- A. Trisomy, deletion and non-disjunction
- B. Mosaicism, duplication and translocation
- C. Translocation, mosaicism and deletion
- D. Mosaicism, trisomy and translocation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Down syndrome is primarily caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. This means there is an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to the characteristic features of the syndrome. Mosaicism and translocation of chromosome 21 can also result in Down syndrome, albeit less frequently. Option A includes deletion, which is not a common cause of Down syndrome. Option B lists duplication, which is not a typical mechanism for Down syndrome. Option C includes deletion and mosaicism, but trisomy is the main cause of Down syndrome, making option D the most accurate choice.
The type of heat loss that is prevented by keeping the NBU temperature warm & warm wrapping of the neonates is
- A. Convection
- B. Conduction
- C. Evaporation
- D. Radiation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Conduction. Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact. By keeping the neonatal unit warm and wrapping neonates in warm blankets, heat loss through direct contact with surfaces is minimized. Convection involves heat transfer through air or fluid movement, not relevant in this scenario. Evaporation is the process of heat loss through moisture evaporation from the skin, not applicable here. Radiation is heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, which can be prevented by warm wrapping but not the primary focus in this context.
The birth weight of an extremely low birth weight baby ranges between
- A. 1000-500 gm
- B. 500-1500 gm
- C. 1001-1500 gm
- D. 1500-2000 gm
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (1000-500 gm) because extremely low birth weight babies are typically defined as those weighing less than 1000 grams (1kg) at birth. This range specifically includes weights below 1000 grams, making it the most accurate choice.
Choice B (500-1500 gm) is incorrect because it includes weights above the threshold for extremely low birth weight (1000 gm). Choice C (1001-1500 gm) is incorrect because it excludes babies weighing less than 1000 gm, which are considered extremely low birth weight. Choice D (1500-2000 gm) is also incorrect as it includes weights above the range for extremely low birth weight babies.
A non-pharmacological measure of pain relief in labour includes
- A. Entonox
- B. Cyclothane
- C. Diamorphine
- D. Homeopathy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diamorphine. Diamorphine is a non-pharmacological measure of pain relief in labor. It is a type of opioid analgesic that helps to reduce pain during labor. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, altering the perception of pain.
Rationale:
1. Diamorphine is a medication that directly targets pain relief.
2. It is a commonly used non-pharmacological measure in labor settings.
3. Diamorphine does not involve the use of any gases or inhalants like Entonox (A) or Cyclothane (B).
4. Homeopathy (D) is based on the principle of treating "like with like" using highly diluted substances and is not typically used for pain relief in labor.
Summary:
A: Entonox and B: Cyclothane are incorrect because they are pharmacological measures involving the use of gases or inhalants. D: Homeopathy is
Mrs. Coates is a 65-year-old female who is on postoperative day 1 following a duodenal resection for a bleeding ulcer. She had an uneventful immediate postoperative course, but throughout the course of day 1 she has complained of a mild abdominal discomfort that has progressed throughout the day. This evening the AGACNP is called to the bedside to evaluate the patient for persistent and progressive discomfort. Likely causes of her symptoms include all of the following except
- A. Colic due to return of peristalsis
- B. Leakage from the duodenal stump
- C. Gastric retention
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gastric retention. Mrs. Coates' symptoms of persistent and progressive discomfort are not likely due to gastric retention because she underwent a duodenal resection for a bleeding ulcer, which would bypass the stomach. Therefore, gastric retention is not a possible cause.
A: Colic due to return of peristalsis is a possible cause as peristalsis returning after surgery can cause discomfort.
B: Leakage from the duodenal stump is a possible cause as it can lead to abdominal discomfort postoperatively.
D: Hemorrhage is a possible cause given her history of bleeding ulcer and surgery.