Nokea
Indicate a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B:
- A. Levodopa
- B. Amantadine
- C. Tolcapone
- D. Selegiline
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Selegiline. Selegiline is a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), which helps increase dopamine levels in the brain. Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine, Amantadine is an antiviral drug used to treat Parkinson's symptoms, and Tolcapone is a COMT inhibitor. Selegiline specifically targets MAO-B without affecting MAO-A, making it the most suitable choice for selective inhibition of MAO-B in the context of Parkinson's disease treatment.
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For a longer duration of action nitroglycerine can be administered by which of the following routes
- A. Sublingual
- B. Inhalation
- C. Intravenous
- D. Cutaneous application
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cutaneous (transdermal) nitroglycerin provides sustained release for up to 24 hours, unlike sublingual (short-acting).
Choose the characteristics of vancomicin:
- A. It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Gram-negative bacteria
- B. It is a glycopeptide, that alters permeability of cell membrane and is active against anaerobic bacteria
- C. It is a beta-lactam antibiotic, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis and is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic known to inhibit cell wall synthesis.
2. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
3. Vancomycin is not active against Gram-negative bacteria due to differences in cell wall structure.
4. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they provide inaccurate information about vancomycin's characteristics.
We have a 50-year-old man with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and we are about to start therapy for newly diagnosed essential hypertension (BF 136/90 mm Hg). Which of the following antihypertensive drugs is most likely to-increase his serum uric acid levels further; and-possibly precipitate a gout attack?
- A. Captopril
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide
- C. Labetalol
- D. Losartan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide increases uric acid by reducing its excretion, risking gout.
Indicate the nootropic agent useful in disorders of brain circulation:
- A. Aspirin
- B. Pyracetam
- C. Warfarin
- D. All the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pyracetam. Pyracetam is a nootropic agent that is known for its benefits in enhancing cognitive function and improving brain circulation. It works by increasing blood flow and oxygen utilization in the brain, making it useful in disorders of brain circulation.
A: Aspirin is a common pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, but it is not specifically classified as a nootropic agent for brain circulation disorders.
C: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that helps prevent blood clots, but it is not a typical choice for enhancing brain circulation or cognitive function.
D: "All the above" is incorrect as only Pyracetam is specifically known for its benefits in disorders of brain circulation, making it the correct choice in this scenario.
Hypertriglyceridemia denotes high blood levels of triglycerides. It has been associated with atherosclerosis, even in the absence of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels). This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Hypertriglyceridemia is indeed associated with atherosclerosis, even without high cholesterol levels. Triglycerides play a role in the development of atherosclerosis by contributing to the formation of plaque in the arteries. High levels of triglycerides can lead to inflammation and damage to the arterial walls, promoting the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the statement is true. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis as described in the question stem.