Nokea
Ingestion of polar bear liver may cause acute poisoning of:
- A. Vitamin D
- B. Vitamin E
- C. Vitamin A
- D. Vitamin C
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Polar bear liver contains high levels of Vitamin A.
2. Excessive Vitamin A intake can lead to acute poisoning.
3. Symptoms of Vitamin A poisoning include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and even death.
4. Thus, ingestion of polar bear liver can cause acute poisoning due to Vitamin A overload.
Summary:
A: Vitamin D - Incorrect. Polar bear liver does not contain toxic levels of Vitamin D.
B: Vitamin E - Incorrect. Vitamin E toxicity is rare and not associated with polar bear liver ingestion.
C: Vitamin A - Correct. Polar bear liver is high in Vitamin A, leading to acute poisoning if consumed in excess.
D: Vitamin C - Incorrect. Vitamin C toxicity is unlikely from consuming polar bear liver.
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Tick the antimycobacterial drug belonging to antibiotics:
- A. Isoniazid
- B. PAS
- C. Ethambutol
- D. Rifampin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rifampin. Rifampin is an antimycobacterial drug that is commonly used to treat tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the RNA polymerase enzyme in mycobacteria, leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. Isoniazid (Choice A) is also used for tuberculosis treatment, but it is not classified as an antibiotic. PAS (Choice B) is an antimycobacterial drug but is not an antibiotic. Ethambutol (Choice C) is also used to treat tuberculosis, but it works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis rather than RNA polymerase. Therefore, the correct choice is Rifampin as it directly targets the mycobacterial RNA polymerase enzyme, making it an effective antibiotic for treating mycobacterial infections.
The nurse is preparing to administer adenosine (Adenocard) to a patient who is experiencing an acute episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. When giving this medication, which is important to remember?
- A. The onset of action occurs in 5 minutes.
- B. The medication must be given as a slow intravenous (IV) push.
- C. Asystole may occur for a few seconds after administration.
- D. The medication has a long half-life, and therefore duration of action is very long.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. After administering adenosine, asystole may occur for a few seconds due to its rapid action on the heart's conduction system. Here's the rationale:
1. Adenosine works by slowing down conduction through the AV node, interrupting reentry pathways causing tachycardia.
2. This brief pause in electrical activity can cause a temporary stop in the heart's pumping action, resulting in asystole.
3. Asystole is expected and normal after adenosine administration, as it helps reset the heart's electrical activity and may terminate the tachycardia.
In contrast, options A and D are incorrect because adenosine has a rapid onset of action within seconds and a very short half-life of less than 10 seconds, leading to a quick duration of action. Option B is incorrect as adenosine should be given as a rapid IV push to ensure its effectiveness.
Indicate a beta1-selective receptor antagonist which has very long duration of action:
- A. Betaxolol
- B. Sotalol
- C. Nadolol
- D. Metoprolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Betaxolol is the correct answer as it is a beta1-selective antagonist with a long duration of action due to its lipophilic properties. It has minimal beta2 or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, leading to prolonged effects on heart rate and blood pressure. Sotalol (B) is a non-selective beta-blocker with class III antiarrhythmic properties. Nadolol (C) is a non-selective beta-blocker with a long duration, but not beta1-selective. Metoprolol (D) is a beta1-selective antagonist but has a shorter duration compared to betaxolol.
Gemfibrozil (Lopid) increases concentrations of HDL cholesterol more than clofibrate (Atromid-S). This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is known to be more effective at increasing HDL cholesterol levels compared to clofibrate (Atromid-S). This is supported by clinical studies showing a greater impact on HDL concentrations with gemfibrozil. Choice B is incorrect as it contradicts the established evidence. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the comparative efficacy between Gemfibrozil and clofibrate in increasing HDL cholesterol levels.
The client is being taught about their warfarin. What does the nurse say about warfarin?
- A. It antagonizes vitamin K and blocks the production of some clotting factors.
- B. It acts as an antiplatelet drug.
- C. It causes fibrinolysis.
- D. It inactivates certain clotting factors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X).