Nokea
Is public health surveillance only conducted by public health agencies?
- A. True.
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Public health surveillance is not only conducted by public health agencies. Other entities such as hospitals and private institutions also contribute to surveillance efforts.
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A case definition during an outbreak investigation should specify:
- A. Clinical features
- B. Time
- C. Place
- D. Person
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A good case definition includes clinical criteria and details on time, place, and person to ensure consistent identification of cases.
Identify some infectious diseases that could reach pandemic occurrence during the 21st century.
- A. Influenza, Ebola, Zika.
- B. Diabetes, hypertension.
- C. Osteoporosis, arthritis.
- D. Cancer, Alzheimer's.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases with high transmissibility, such as influenza and Ebola, pose significant pandemic risks.
Among the routine vaccine of EPI which one is most sensitive to heat
- A. TT
- B. Measles
- C. Polio
- D. DPT
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is highly sensitive to heat, requiring careful storage in a cold chain.
A random-digit dialed survey conducted in the City of Long Beach, California, reported that a greater proportion of nonsmokers endorsed a ban on smoking in alcohol-serving establishments than did smokers. What type of study design was this?
- A. Cross-sectional study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Ecologic study
- D. Cohort study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This is a cross-sectional study as it captures attitudes at one point in time without follow-up.
The balancing equation is
- A. P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2
- B. P1-(B-D)-(I-E)=P2
- C. P2+(B-D)+(I-E)=P1
- D. P1+P1(B-D)+P1(I-E)=P2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The balancing equation for population change is P1 + (B-D) + (I-E) = P2, where B is births, D is deaths, I is in-migration, and E is out-migration.