Human Growth and Development Final Exam

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Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade was using __________.

  • A. naturalistic observation
  • B. ethnography
  • C. self-reports
  • D. structured observation
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Jade was using ethnography. Ethnography involves the systematic study of people and cultures through participant observation and interviews. In this case, Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children, which aligns with the methodology of ethnography. Ethnography allows researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular cultural group's behaviors, practices, and beliefs.

Choice A, naturalistic observation, involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation. While similar to ethnography in some aspects, naturalistic observation does not typically involve the same level of cultural immersion and participant interaction as ethnography.

Choice C, self-reports, refers to data collected directly from participants about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. This method relies on participants' subjective responses and may not provide the same depth of cultural insights as ethnography.

Choice D, structured observation, involves observing behavior in a structured and controlled environment. Unlike ethnography, structured observation does not focus on the cultural nuances and immersive study of a specific community.

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The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

  • A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
  • B. growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning
  • C. infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
  • D. development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The discontinuous view of development holds that infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous or smooth process, but rather occurs in distinct stages or phases marked by qualitative differences in abilities and behaviors. This contrasts with the idea that development is a gradual augmentation of skills present from the beginning (choice B) or that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in the same way as adults (choice A). Choice D is incorrect because the discontinuous view does not consider development as a smooth process limited by a lack of information and precision. Ultimately, the discontinuous view emphasizes the distinct and evolving nature of development across the lifespan.

In an investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early __________ than children who experienced a full-length prenatal period.

  • A. showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up
  • B. were less likely to suffer from childhood obesity
  • C. were less likely to suffer from neurological impairments
  • D. showed higher language and social/emotional scores in early childhood
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up compared to children who experienced a full-length prenatal period. This suggests that being born slightly premature can have an impact on cognitive development, leading to educational challenges later on. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the study specifically highlighted lower reading and math scores, not a reduced likelihood of suffering from childhood obesity or neurological impairments, or improved language and social/emotional scores in early childhood.

In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.

  • A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
  • B. suppressed development of the immune system
  • C. serious damage to the central nervous system
  • D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.

When __________, newborn Takeo's toes should fan out and curl as his foot twists in.

  • A. a bright light shines in his eyes
  • B. his bare foot touches a flat surface
  • C. his cheek is stroked near the corner of his mouth
  • D. the sole of his foot is stroked from toe to heel
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the description of the twisting and fanning out of newborn Takeo's toes suggests the Babinski reflex, which is typically elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from toe to heel. The Babinski reflex is a normal response in newborns and indicates proper neurological development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not elicit the specific response described in the question.

Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.

  • A. can alter gene expression
  • B. can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
  • C. is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
  • D. has no negative effect on the developing organism
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression. This means that paternal alcohol consumption can potentially impact the genes and genetic materials passed on to offspring, affecting their development and health. Choice B is incorrect because fetal alcohol syndrome is typically associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, not paternal alcohol use around conception. Choice C is incorrect as there is no direct link between paternal alcohol use and blood vessel abnormalities. Choice D is incorrect as paternal alcohol use can indeed have negative effects on the developing organism, particularly through altering gene expression.

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