Nokea
Life-long nonsmokers live an average of how much longer than those who, in their mid-twenties, smoked two packs of cigarettes a day?
- A. 6 months
- B. 1-2 years
- C. over 12 years
- D. 7-9 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: over 12 years. Life-long nonsmokers live significantly longer than those who smoke heavily in their mid-twenties. Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day significantly increases the risk of various health conditions leading to premature death. On average, smoking can reduce life expectancy by over 10 years. Therefore, the correct answer is over 12 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they underestimate the impact of smoking on life expectancy and do not adequately reflect the significant difference in longevity between smokers and life-long nonsmokers.
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In mammals ventilation movements of lungs are governed by
- A. Muscular wall of lungs
- B. Inter costal muscles
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Diaphragm and inter coastal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing, respectively. Intercostal muscles aid in expanding and contracting the rib cage to assist in breathing. The combination of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles working together ensures efficient ventilation of the lungs in mammals. Choices A and B are incorrect because the muscular wall of the lungs and intercostal muscles alone are not solely responsible for regulating ventilation. Choice C is incorrect because the diaphragm alone does not govern ventilation movements without the assistance of the intercostal muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately reflects the coordinated effort of both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in regulating lung ventilation.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
- A. hydrochloric acid
- B. oxygen
- C. carbonic acid
- D. carbaminohemoglobin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: carbonic acid. When carbon dioxide and water combine, they form carbonic acid through a chemical reaction known as hydration. This process is essential for the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood and plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's pH balance. Hydrochloric acid (A) is formed by the reaction of hydrogen chloride gas with water. Oxygen (B) is not a product of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water. Carbaminohemoglobin (D) is a compound formed by the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin in red blood cells, not a direct product of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
What keeps alveoli from collapsing?
- A. Carina
- B. Surfactant
- C. Empyema
- D. Thoracic cage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Surfactant is a substance that prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension, allowing them to remain open and functional during the breathing process.
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
- A. increase surface area
- B. exchange gases
- C. maintain surface tension
- D. maintain air pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The function of the conchae in the nasal cavity is to increase surface area. By increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity, conchae help to humidify, filter, and warm the air entering the respiratory system. This ensures optimal conditions for efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Choice B (exchange gases) is incorrect because gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, not in the nasal cavity. Choice C (maintain surface tension) is incorrect as surface tension is typically associated with liquid interfaces, not with the nasal cavity. Choice D (maintain air pressure) is also incorrect because the conchae do not play a direct role in maintaining air pressure within the nasal cavity.
What is the best action for the nurse to do?
- A. a. Leave the patient alone to rest in a quiet, calm environment.
- B. b. Stay with the patient and encourage slow, pursed lip breathing.
- C. c. Reassure the patient that the attack can be controlled with treatment.
- D. Let the patient know that frequent monitoring is being done using measurement of vital signs and SpO. 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best action for the nurse to do is to stay with the patient and encourage slow, pursed lip breathing. This helps the patient focus on their breathing and can help alleviate the asthma attack symptoms.