Nokea
Martin is a 60-year-old patient with hypertension. The first-line decongestant to prescribe would be:
- A. Oral pseudoephedrine
- B. Oral phenylephrine
- C. Nasal oxymetazoline
- D. Nasal azelastine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nasal oxymetazoline , a topical decongestant, has less systemic effect on blood pressure than oral options ; azelastine is an antihistamine.
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In the presence of picrotoxin, diazepam is less efficacious at causing sedation, regardless of the dose. Picrotoxin by it self has no sedative effect even at the highest dose. Which of the following is correct?
- A. Picrotoxin is not a competitive antagonist
- B. Diazepam is a full agonist, and picrotoxin is a partial agonist
- C. Diazepam is less efficacious than is picrotoxin
- D. Diazepam is less potent than is picrotoxin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Picrotoxin reduces diazepam's maximal effect (efficacy), not potency, indicating noncompetitive antagonism.
A nurse is caring for a school-age child who has a new prescription for Atomoxetine. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects of this medication?
- A. Kidney toxicity
- B. Liver damage
- C. Seizure activity
- D. Adrenal insufficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atomoxetine can cause liver damage , a rare but serious effect to monitor.
A pharmaceutical lab states that a drug causes negative side effects in 3 of every 100 patients. To confirm this affirmation, another laboratory chooses 5 people at random who have consumed the drug. What is the average number of patients that the laboratory should expect to experience side effects if they choose 100 patients at random?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The expected value (mean) of a binomial distribution is n * p. Here, n=100 and p=0.03, so U = 100 * 0.03 = 3, as calculated in the document.
Prophylactic use of bisphosphonates is recommended for patients with early osteopenia related to long-term use of which of the following drugs?
- A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- B. Aspirin
- C. Glucocorticoids
- D. Calcium supplements
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Glucocorticoids cause bone loss, warranting bisphosphonate prophylaxis; SERMs protect bone.
Clonidine has several off-label uses, including:
- A. Alcohol and nicotine withdrawal
- B. Post-herpetic neuralgia
- C. Both 1 and 2
- D. Neither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clonidine is used off-label for both alcohol/nicotine withdrawal and post-herpetic neuralgia.