Nokea
Media that contain complex organic substances such as blood for the growth of specific bacteria are referred to as:
- A. enriched media
- B. general-purpose media
- C. reducing media
- D. differential media
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: enriched media. Enriched media contain additional nutrients such as blood to support the growth of fastidious bacteria. This allows for the cultivation of a wider range of microorganisms. General-purpose media (B) contain basic nutrients for a variety of bacteria. Reducing media (C) create anaerobic conditions, not necessarily rich in organic substances. Differential media (D) contain indicators to distinguish between different types of microorganisms, not necessarily enriched with organic substances.
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In the cytoplasm of some bacteria there are substances in the form of granules. They are:
- A. cytoplasmic inclusions
- B. excess products of the metabolism
- C. reserve substances
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Cytoplasmic inclusions in bacteria refer to substances like granules. These granules can be excess products of metabolism or reserve substances stored for future use. Therefore, all of the choices are correct as cytoplasmic inclusions can be any of these substances. A is correct as it directly refers to cytoplasmic inclusions. B is correct as some granules can be excess metabolic products. C is correct as certain granules can serve as reserve substances. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it encompasses all the possible types of substances found as cytoplasmic inclusions in bacteria.
All the statements about Pseudomonas aeruginosa are correct, EXCEPT:
- A. It is a Gram-negative bacterium
- B. It is oxidase-positive
- C. It is non-motile and non-spore forming
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: It is non-motile and non-spore forming. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is motile due to its flagella and is non-spore forming. A is correct because it is a Gram-negative bacterium, and B is correct as it is oxidase-positive. D is incorrect because C is not true.
What is the mechanism of action of the exotoxin C. Diphtheriae?
- A. Inhibits the release of acetylcholine
- B. Blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitters release
- C. Inhibits protein synthesis
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inhibits protein synthesis. Exotoxin of C. Diphtheriae acts by inhibiting protein synthesis in host cells. This disrupts cellular functions and leads to tissue damage. Choice A is incorrect because acetylcholine release is not affected. Choice B is incorrect as it does not involve neurotransmitters. Choice D is incorrect as the exotoxin does have a specific mechanism.
In which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate?
- A. Prophase
- B. Metaphase
- C. Anaphase
- D. Telophase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the centromeres. Prophase is the phase where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase is when chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Telophase is when the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense. Therefore, anaphase is the correct phase for chromatid separation.
A 33 year old patient was delivered to the infectious diseases department on the 7-th day of disease. He complained about great weakness, high temperature, pain in the lumbar area and leg muscles, icteritiousness, dark color of urine, headache. The acute disease started with chill, body temperature rise up to 40oC, headache, pain in the lumbar area and sural muscles. Icterus turned up on the 4th day, nasal and scleral haemorrhages came on the 5th day. Fever has lasted for 6 days. Diuresis - 200 ml. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Leptospirosis
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. Virus A hepatitis
- D. Sepsis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is Leptospirosis. The symptoms described align with the classic presentation of Leptospirosis, such as fever, muscle pain, headache, jaundice, and hemorrhages. The initial symptoms of chills, high fever, and muscle pain followed by jaundice and hemorrhages are characteristic of Leptospirosis. The presence of dark urine and low diuresis also point towards kidney involvement, which is common in Leptospirosis due to renal failure. Additionally, the patient's history of potential exposure to contaminated water or soil supports the diagnosis, as Leptospirosis is commonly transmitted through contact with infected animal urine.
Summary of other choices:
- Typhoid fever typically presents with sustained fever, abdominal pain, and constipation, not matching the symptoms described.
- Virus A hepatitis usually presents with jaundice, but other symptoms such as muscle pain and hemorrhages are not typical.
- Sepsis is a systemic response