Nokea
Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father __________.
- A. nearly twice as many girls as boys
- B. nearly three times as many boys as girls
- C. more twins and triplets than unaffected men
- D. fewer children than unaffected men
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father nearly twice as many girls as boys. This is due to the impact of dioxin exposure on sperm cells, leading to a skewed ratio of female to male offspring. Choice B is incorrect as the question specifically mentions that men father more girls than boys. Choice C is incorrect as dioxin exposure does not necessarily lead to more twins and triplets. Choice D is incorrect as men with dioxin in their bloodstream father more girls, not fewer children overall.
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Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.
- A. genetic factors that contribute to longevity
- B. environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness
- C. those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents
- D. those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because investigators who study development aim to identify the factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death. This goal encompasses various domains such as physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, highlighting the comprehensive nature of developmental research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the overarching goal of developmental researchers, which is to understand the factors influencing individuals throughout their lifespan, rather than focusing solely on genetic factors, environmental factors related to disease, or abnormal development in specific age groups.
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
- A. Delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
- B. Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant
- C. Delivers nutrients and removes waste products
- D. Produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.' Amniotic fluid helps maintain a stable and warm environment for the developing organism, assisting in regulating the temperature. This fluid also acts as a cushion, protecting the fetus from physical harm. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while amniotic fluid provides protection and support to the developing organism, it does not directly deliver food, oxygen, nutrients, or remove waste products, nor does it produce blood cells as the organs eventually take over this function.
Three-month-old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.
- A. pure tones; voices
- B. pure tones; noises
- C. human speech; nonspeech sounds
- D. a foreign language; his native language
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Three-month-old Jefferson will likely listen longer to human speech compared to nonspeech sounds because infants have a natural preference for speech sounds. This preference is believed to be attributed to their biological readiness to learn language and communicate with others. Choice A is incorrect because voices are a form of human speech, which is preferred over pure tones. Choice B is incorrect as noises do not necessarily engage infants' attention as effectively as human speech. Choice D is incorrect because Jefferson is more likely to listen longer to his native language rather than a foreign language at this early age.
What is one challenge associated with longitudinal research?
- A. It does not allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships.
- B. Participants may relocate or drop out of the study.
- C. Findings may not be applicable to real-world scenarios.
- D. It does not allow for the examination of individual developmental patterns.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: One challenge associated with longitudinal research is that participants may relocate or drop out of the study over time. This can result in missing data and potential biases in the findings, impacting the study's overall validity and reliability. Furthermore, it can present difficulties for researchers in accurately monitoring and analyzing changes in individuals over an extended period. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because longitudinal research can indeed allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships, findings can be generalized to the real world with appropriate design and sampling, and it is suitable for studying individual developmental patterns.
Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a __________.
- A. naturalistic observation
- B. case study
- C. natural experiment
- D. field experiment
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this scenario, the researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom, which is an example of a field experiment. A field experiment involves manipulating independent variables in a natural setting to observe the effects on participants. This design allows for more control over variables compared to naturalistic observation, case studies, or natural experiments. Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulating any variables. A case study focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group. A natural experiment involves observing naturally occurring events without intervention or manipulation by the researcher.