Nokea
Microbiological analysis of medicinal raw materials revealed capsular bacteria. What stain method was used to detect the capsules?
- A. Gin's
- B. Ziehl-Neelsen's
- C. Neisser's
- D. Gram's
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gin's stain method. Gin's stain method is specifically used to detect capsules of bacteria. This method involves staining the bacteria with crystal violet and copper sulfate, which highlights the capsules as a clear halo around the stained bacterial cells. Ziehl-Neelsen's stain is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisser's stain is for detecting Neisseria species, and Gram's stain is for differentiating bacteria based on their cell wall composition (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative). Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect for this scenario.
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The causative agent of typhoid fever is:
- A. Shigella dysenteriae
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, specifically transmitted through contaminated food and water. Shigella dysenteriae causes bacillary dysentery, Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, and Escherichia coli can cause various gastrointestinal illnesses, but not typhoid fever. Identifying the causative agent is crucial for effective treatment and prevention strategies.
In the South and Central America there can be found a species of trypanosomes that is the causative agent of Chagas disease. What animal is the infection carrier specific to this disease?
- A. Triatomine bug
- B. Mosquito
- C. Tsetse fly
- D. Cockroach
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Triatomine bug. Triatomine bugs, also known as "kissing bugs," are the specific carrier of the trypanosomes that cause Chagas disease. These bugs transmit the parasite through their feces, which contain the infectious forms of the trypanosomes. When the bug bites a human or animal, it defecates near the bite wound, allowing the parasites to enter the bloodstream through the broken skin. Mosquitoes (B) transmit diseases like malaria and dengue fever, not Chagas disease. Tsetse flies (C) are known for transmitting African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), not Chagas disease. Cockroaches (D) are not known to transmit Chagas disease.
The causative agent of bacterial dysentery belongs to which of the following genera?
- A. Genus Shigella
- B. Genus Salmonella
- C. Genus Klebsiella
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genus Shigella. Shigella is known to be the causative agent of bacterial dysentery. It invades the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Salmonella (choice B) typically causes food poisoning, not dysentery. Klebsiella (choice C) is associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections, not dysentery. "None of the above" (choice D) is incorrect as Shigella does belong to a specific genus responsible for bacterial dysentery.
The most rapid rate of drug absorption is achieved by __________ administration.
- A. on the skin
- B. intravenous
- C. intramuscular
- D. sublingual
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: intravenous administration. This route bypasses the first-pass metabolism, allowing the drug to directly enter the bloodstream for immediate distribution. In contrast, on the skin (A) and sublingual (D) routes have slower absorption rates due to barriers like skin layers or mucous membranes. Intramuscular (C) absorption is slower than intravenous due to slower perfusion rates in muscle tissues. Overall, intravenous administration provides the fastest and most direct route for drug absorption, making it the most rapid method.
Infectious process is:
- A. Clinically manifested disease
- B. Infectious disease with typical symptoms
- C. Interrelation between the macro- and micro organism
- D. Ambulatory form of infection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Infectious process involves interactions between macro and microorganisms.
2. It is not limited to manifested diseases or typical symptoms.
3. The process can occur without leading to a full-blown infectious disease.
4. Choice C correctly captures the dynamic relationship between different organisms.
Summary:
- A: Incorrect - Infectious process is not solely about clinically manifested diseases.
- B: Incorrect - Not all infectious diseases have typical symptoms.
- D: Incorrect - Ambulatory form is a specific type, not encompassing all infectious processes.