Nokea
Mineralcorticoids
- A. are produced in the adrenal cortex.
- B. are steroid hormones.
- C. help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 1. Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced in the adrenal cortex (A).
2. They are steroid hormones (B) that specifically regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis (C).
3. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as mineralocorticoids encompass all these characteristics. Other choices are incorrect as they do not fully encompass the functions and characteristics of mineralocorticoids.
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In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin?
- A. Alpha
- B. Beta
- C. Delta
- D. None
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels. Alpha cells (A) secrete glucagon, Delta cells (C) secrete somatostatin, both involved in glucose metabolism, but not insulin secretion. Choice D is incorrect as the pancreas does contain cells that secrete insulin.
Which gland is considered the most influential endocrine gland?
- A. Pineal gland
- B. Pituitary gland
- C. Thyroid gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is considered the most influential endocrine gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other bodily functions. It is often referred to as the "master gland" due to its crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance and homeostasis in the body.
Rationale:
A: Pineal gland - The pineal gland primarily regulates the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin and is not as influential in overall endocrine function as the pituitary gland.
C: Thyroid gland - The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through the production of thyroid hormones, but it does not have the same level of control over other endocrine glands as the pituitary gland.
D: Adrenal gland - The adrenal gland produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are important for stress response and metabolism, but it does not have the same regulatory influence over other
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
When blood Calcium level is elevated, the body is in a state of hypercalcemia. Which gland is responsible for secreting a hormone to return Ca2+ level to normal and therefore maintain homeostasis?
- A. Hypothalamus
- B. Pituitary
- C. Thyroid
- D. Parathyroid
Correct Answer: c
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood calcium levels are elevated. PTH acts to increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, release calcium from bones, and enhance calcium absorption in the intestines, ultimately lowering blood calcium levels back to normal.
A: The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating body temperature, thirst, hunger, and circadian rhythms, but not in calcium homeostasis.
B: The pituitary gland secretes various hormones, but none specifically involved in regulating blood calcium levels.
C: The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and growth, not calcium levels.
In the adrenal medulla:
- A. epinephrine is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tyrosine
- B. 10% of the cells are the epinephrine-secreting type
- C. plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy
- D. catecholamine t1/2 is 10 minutes in the circulation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: Plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy in the adrenal medulla because norepinephrine is mainly produced by postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings rather than the adrenal medulla. Adrenalectomy removes the adrenal gland, which primarily secretes epinephrine, not norepinephrine. Therefore, plasma norepinephrine levels would not be significantly affected by adrenalectomy.
Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect. Epinephrine is formed from norepinephrine, not tyrosine, through methylation and hydroxylation.
B: Incorrect. The majority of cells in the adrenal medulla are epinephrine-secreting cells, not just 10%.
D: Incorrect. The half-life of catecholamines in the circulation is very short, around 2 minutes, not 10 minutes.