Nokea
Mineralcorticoids
- A. are produced in the adrenal cortex.
- B. are steroid hormones.
- C. help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 1. Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced in the adrenal cortex (A).
2. They are steroid hormones (B) that specifically regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis (C).
3. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as mineralocorticoids encompass all these characteristics. Other choices are incorrect as they do not fully encompass the functions and characteristics of mineralocorticoids.
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Which group is incorrect?
- A. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, growth hormone
- B. Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland: ADH, oxytocin
- C. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, epinephrine
- D. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because epinephrine is not a steroid hormone. Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol and have a specific chemical structure, while epinephrine is a catecholamine. Cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones, but epinephrine belongs to the class of catecholamines. Therefore, C is incorrect. A, B, and D are correct as they accurately list hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, posterior pituitary gland, and gonads respectively.
When blood Calcium level is elevated, the body is in a state of hypercalcemia. Which gland is responsible for secreting a hormone to return Ca2+ level to normal and therefore maintain homeostasis?
- A. Hypothalamus
- B. Pituitary
- C. Thyroid
- D. Parathyroid
Correct Answer: c
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood calcium levels are elevated. PTH acts to increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, release calcium from bones, and enhance calcium absorption in the intestines, ultimately lowering blood calcium levels back to normal.
A: The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating body temperature, thirst, hunger, and circadian rhythms, but not in calcium homeostasis.
B: The pituitary gland secretes various hormones, but none specifically involved in regulating blood calcium levels.
C: The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and growth, not calcium levels.
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
Propranolol is useful in the treatment of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Anxiety
- C. Heart block
- D. Angina of effort
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked. Propranolol can worsen heart block by further slowing down the heart rate, making it inappropriate for this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
A: Propranolol is used to treat hypertension by reducing blood pressure.
B: Propranolol is effective in managing anxiety symptoms by blocking the physical manifestations of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate.
D: Propranolol is beneficial in treating angina of effort by reducing the workload of the heart and improving blood flow to the heart muscle.
In summary, the other choices (A, B, D) are correct uses of propranolol, making C the exception due to its potential to worsen heart block.
Dopamine and homovanillic acid are secreted in ______________.
- A. Neuroblastoma
- B. Adenoma
- C. Pheochromocytoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Dopamine and homovanillic acid are neurotransmitters.
2. Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that originates in neuroblasts, which are immature nerve cells.
3. Neuroblastoma can produce neurotransmitters like dopamine and homovanillic acid.
4. Therefore, dopamine and homovanillic acid are secreted in neuroblastoma.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as neuroblastoma can secrete dopamine and homovanillic acid.
- Choices B and C are incorrect as they are unrelated to the secretion of these neurotransmitters.