Nokea
Mother-to-child transmission of TB organisms never occurs during labor.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. -
- D. -
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: TB can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during labor.
Step 2: The TB bacteria can be present in the mother's respiratory secretions.
Step 3: During labor, the baby can inhale these bacteria and contract TB.
Step 4: Therefore, the statement that mother-to-child transmission of TB organisms never occurs during labor is FALSE.
Summary: Option B is correct because it accurately reflects the possibility of mother-to-child transmission of TB during labor. Option A is incorrect as it contradicts the factual information. Options C and D are not applicable as they provide no information.
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Mr. Costigan is a 50-year-old male patient who recently had a screening colonoscopy because it was recommended by his primary care provider as a screening measure. He received a report that noted inflammatory polyps. He is concerned because one of his friends had polyps that turned into cancer. While advising Mr. Costigan, the AGACNP tells him that
- A. The polyps are considered precancerous, but if he has a colonoscopy every 3 to 5 years, any new polyps can be removed before they become malignant
- B. The primary danger is when there is a family history of colon cancer; he should discuss with his mother and father the presence of any colon cancer in the family
- C. There is no chance that these polyps could become cancerous, and their presence does not require any additional action or concern on his part
- D. He would be best served at this point to discuss with an oncologist the risks and benefits of aggressive versus conservative treatment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Family history of colon cancer is a significant risk factor for developing colon cancer.
Step 2: By discussing with his parents, Mr. Costigan can determine if there is a family history of colon cancer.
Step 3: Knowing this information can help assess his own risk and guide appropriate screening and preventive measures.
Step 4: The primary danger for Mr. Costigan lies in potential genetic predisposition rather than the presence of inflammatory polyps.
Step 5: Therefore, discussing with family members about any history of colon cancer is crucial for his overall risk assessment and management.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as the frequency of colonoscopy should be individualized based on the patient's risk factors.
- Choice C is incorrect as all polyps have the potential to become cancerous, especially inflammatory polyps.
- Choice D is incorrect as consulting an oncologist at this stage is premature without first assessing family history.
In face presentation, obstructed labor is likely to result because
- A. The face is an ill-fitting presenting part
- B. Of the larger presenting diameters
- C. Of failure in molding unlike in vertex delivery
- D. Of presence of a caput succedaneum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In face presentation, the face is an ill-fitting presenting part, leading to obstructed labor. The face has larger diameters, making it difficult to pass through the birth canal. This differs from vertex delivery where the head can mold to fit. Caput succedaneum is swelling of the soft tissues on the baby's head and does not directly cause obstructed labor.
Congenital retraction of the prepuce, so that the glans is permanently exposed, is known as
- A. Phimosis
- B. Paraphimosis
- C. Hypospadias
- D. Hermaphroditism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Congenital retraction of the prepuce, leading to permanent glans exposure, describes paraphimosis. This condition occurs when the foreskin is pulled back and cannot return to its normal position, causing pain and swelling. Phimosis (A) is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans. Hypospadias (C) is a urethral opening on the underside of the penis. Hermaphroditism (D) is a rare condition of having both male and female reproductive organs. Paraphimosis (B) is the specific term for the given scenario.
Placental parasitation is associated with
- A. Candidiasis prenatally
- B. Tuberculosis prenatally
- C. Multiple gestation
- D. Malaria prenatally
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Placental parasitation is associated with Malaria prenatally because the Plasmodium parasite can infect the placenta through the bloodstream, leading to severe complications for both the mother and the fetus. This infection can result in low birth weight, preterm birth, and even stillbirth. Candidiasis, Tuberculosis, and Multiple gestation are not directly associated with placental parasitation. Candidiasis is a fungal infection, Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection, and Multiple gestation refers to carrying more than one fetus during pregnancy. Therefore, the correct answer is D, Malaria prenatally, due to the direct impact of Plasmodium parasite on the placenta and its implications on pregnancy outcomes.
What is the significance of skin-to-skin contact after birth?
- A. Stabilizes baby’s temperature
- B. Promotes bonding
- C. Regulates baby’s heartbeat
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because skin-to-skin contact after birth offers multiple benefits. Firstly, it helps stabilize the baby's temperature by utilizing the parent's body heat. Secondly, it promotes bonding between the parent and baby through physical closeness and touch. Finally, it can regulate the baby's heartbeat by providing a calming and reassuring environment. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct in highlighting the significance of skin-to-skin contact after birth.