Nokea
Muscle weakness due to wasting would most likely be evaluated by which test?
- A. recall of food intake
- B. skinfold thickness
- C. handgrip strength
- D. red blood cell levels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Handgrip strength is a reliable test to assess muscle function and detect muscle weakness due to wasting. It is often used to identify conditions like sarcopenia in clinical settings. Options A, B, and D are not suitable for evaluating muscle weakness. Food intake recall does not directly measure muscle function, skinfold thickness assesses body fat but not muscle strength, and red blood cell levels are unrelated to muscle wasting.
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High blood pressure is defined as systolic and diastolic measurements greater than or equal to:
- A. 140 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg, respectively
- B. 150 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg, respectively
- C. 160 mm Hg and 110 mm Hg, respectively
- D. 180 mm Hg and 120 mm Hg, respectively
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: High blood pressure, or hypertension, is typically defined as having a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher and/or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B is incorrect because it suggests a higher systolic measurement than the standard definition. Choice C is incorrect as it provides an even higher systolic measurement and a much higher diastolic measurement. Choice D is also incorrect as it suggests extremely elevated blood pressure values, well above the typical definition of hypertension.
In PEM, which condition is characterized by symptoms such as muscle weakness, hanging skin, delayed tooth eruption, and changes in saliva?
- A. Marasmus
- B. Kwashiorkor
- C. Anemia
- D. Noma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is Marasmus. Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that leads to muscle wasting, hanging skin, delayed growth, and changes in saliva. These symptoms are commonly seen in vulnerable populations such as children, homeless individuals, older adults, and substance abusers. Kwashiorkor, on the other hand, is characterized by edema, a distended belly, and skin lesions. Anemia is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count, leading to fatigue and weakness. Noma is a severe infection affecting the face, particularly the mouth and jaw area.
During nutritional counseling, what is the most important step to take?
- A. Consult the patient's family
- B. Formulate a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient
- C. Include members of the dental team in the dietary formulation
- D. Include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During nutritional counseling, the most important step is to include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan. This ensures their active involvement, understanding, and commitment to the plan, leading to better compliance and success in achieving nutritional goals. Consulting the patient's family (Choice A) may be helpful but should not replace involving the patient directly. Formulating a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient (Choice B) may not align with the patient's preferences or needs. Including members of the dental team in the dietary formulation (Choice C) may not be necessary unless specific dental concerns need to be addressed.
Low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are?
- A. associated with being underweight
- B. more prevalent in males
- C. highly predictive of CHD risk
- D. not a good predictor of CHD risk
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Low levels of HDL cholesterol are a strong predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk because HDL helps to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because low HDL levels are not associated with being underweight but rather with increased CHD risk. Choice B is incorrect as low HDL levels are not more prevalent in males but can affect both genders. Choice D is incorrect as low levels of HDL are indeed a good predictor of CHD risk.
_____ neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine:
- A. saliva
- B. gastric mucus
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions, secreted by the pancreas, neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more suitable environment for digestive enzymes. Saliva (choice A) helps in the initial breakdown of food in the mouth, not in neutralizing stomach acid. Gastric mucus (choice B) protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment but does not neutralize the acid in the small intestine. Enzymes (choice D) facilitate chemical reactions in digestion but do not neutralize stomach acid.