Nokea
Nurse Mariane is caring for an infant with spina bifida. Which technique is most important in recognizing possible hydrocephalus?
- A. Measuring head circumference
- B. Obtaining skull X-ray
- C. Performing a lumbar puncture
- D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Measuring head circumference is a non-invasive way to monitor for hydrocephalus, a common complication of spina bifida.
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Which is the most common causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?
- A. Staphylococcus albus
- B. Streptococcus hemolyticus
- C. Staphylococcus albicans
- D. Streptococcus viridans
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: S. viridans is the most common causative agent in bacterial (infective) endocarditis.
The treatment of choice for the lesion of the neonate is
- A. digoxin
- B. propranolol (Inderal)
- C. surgical shunt
- D. balloon valvuloplasty
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Balloon valvuloplasty can relieve pulmonary stenosis and improve symptoms in Tetralogy of Fallot.
Regarding fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in a child:
- A. Normal maintenance requirement in a child weighing 20 kg is 1.5 litre/day
- B. A fluid deficit of 50ml/kg produces a body weight loss of 10%
- C. Hypotension is a useful sign ,which indicates moderate dehydration
- D. Normal maintenance needs of sodium are 5-6mmol/kg/day
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A fluid deficit of 50ml/kg producing a 10% body weight loss is a well-established clinical guideline for assessing dehydration in children. Hypotension is a late sign of severe dehydration, not moderate dehydration.
Examples of encapsulated organisms are all except:
- A. Pseudomonas
- B. Proteus
- C. Pneumococci
- D. Salmonella
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Pseudomonas is not an encapsulated organism. The other options (b-e) are encapsulated.
All of the following reduces intensity of first heart sound (S1) except
- A. Mechanical ventilation
- B. Calcific mitral stenosis
- C. Short PR interval
- D. LV dysfunction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calcific mitral stenosis typically increases the intensity of the first heart sound (S1).