Nokea
One of the following drugs is not useful in treatment of hypertension:
- A. Methyldopa
- B. Nifedipine
- C. Minoxidil
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic, raises blood pressure and is not used for hypertension.
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A drug causes muscarinic receptor blockade. The nurse will assess the patient for
- A. dry mouth.
- B. gynecomasti
- C. pseudoparkinsonism.
- D. orthostatic hypotension.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: dry mouth. Muscarinic receptor blockade inhibits parasympathetic nervous system activity, leading to decreased secretion of saliva. This causes dry mouth. Gynecomastia (choice B) is unrelated to muscarinic receptor blockade. Pseudoparkinsonism (choice C) is associated with dopamine receptor blockade, not muscarinic receptors. Orthostatic hypotension (choice D) is more commonly seen with alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade.
A nurse understands that the abnormal secretion of growth hormone may play a role in which illness?
- A. Acute mania
- B. Schizophrenia
- C. Anorexia nervosa
- D. Alzheimer’s disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anorexia nervosa. Growth hormone abnormalities can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa due to its role in regulating metabolism and energy balance. Excessive levels of growth hormone can lead to weight loss and metabolic disturbances, which are characteristic features of anorexia nervosa.
Incorrect choices:
A: Acute mania - Growth hormone abnormalities are not typically associated with acute mania, which is a symptom of bipolar disorder.
B: Schizophrenia - Growth hormone abnormalities are not a known factor in the development of schizophrenia, which is a complex mental disorder.
D: Alzheimer’s disease - While there may be some overlap in the pathology of growth hormone abnormalities and Alzheimer's disease, they are distinct conditions with different underlying mechanisms.
Class of tacrolimus (FK-506) is:
- A. Immunoglobulins
- B. Immunosuppressive agents
- C. Interferons
- D. Monoclonal antibodies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immunosuppressive agents. Tacrolimus (FK-506) belongs to this class as it suppresses the immune system. It is commonly used in transplant patients to prevent organ rejection by inhibiting T-cell activation. Immunoglobulins (A) are antibodies produced by the immune system. Interferons (C) are signaling proteins released by cells in response to pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies (D) are antibodies produced by identical immune cells and used for targeted therapies. Therefore, the most appropriate classification for tacrolimus is as an immunosuppressive agent due to its mechanism of action and therapeutic use in modulating the immune response.
Patients complain of dry or “sandy” eyes when receiving large doses of:
- A. Atropine
- B. Hexamethonium
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Carbachol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atropine. Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased tear production and dry eyes. This is why patients complain of dry or "sandy" eyes when receiving large doses of Atropine.
Summary of other choices:
B: Hexamethonium - This is a ganglionic blocking agent used in hypertension, not associated with dry eyes.
C: Pilocarpine - This is a cholinergic agonist used to treat glaucoma by increasing tear production, opposite effect of dry eyes.
D: Carbachol - This is a cholinergic agonist used in glaucoma, not associated with dry eyes.
A 44-year-old man complains of chest palpitations that he has been feeling on and off for months. He denies chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and nausea, and he is not diaphoretic. An ECG reveals premature ventricular contractions but no ST segment changes. He is given acebutolol to abolish the arrhythmia. Which of the following would most likely occur with a very high dose of acebutolol?
- A. Fever
- B. Headache
- C. Wheezing
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acebutolol, a ß-blocker, can cause bronchospasm (wheezing) at high doses, especially in susceptible individuals, due to non-selectiveß2‚‚-blockade.