Nokea
One of the most important functions of the autonomic nervous system is the following:
- A. regulation of homeostasis
- B. voluntary movements
- C. coordination of movements
- D. involuntary movements
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regulation of homeostasis is the correct answer because the autonomic nervous system controls vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. These processes are essential for maintaining the body's internal balance and ensuring survival.
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Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. Which disease or disorder results when the neurons in the brain that produce dopamine die?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Lou Gehrig disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- C. Parkinson disease
- D. Seizure disorder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Parkinson disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity. Multiple sclerosis and ALS involve different neurological mechanisms, while seizure disorders are related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Dopamine's role in motor control is critical to understanding Parkinson disease.
A laminectomy and spinal fusion are performed on a patient with a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. During the postoperative period, which finding is of most concern to the nurse?
- A. Paralytic ileus
- B. Urinary incontinence
- C. Greater pain at the graft site than at the lumbar incision site
- D. Leg and arm movement and sensation unchanged from preoperative status
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Urinary incontinence may indicate nerve damage.
In counseling patients with spinal cord lesions regarding sexual function, how should the nurse advise a male patient with a complete lower motor neuron lesion?
- A. He is most likely to have reflexogenic erections and may experience orgasm if ejaculation occurs
- B. He may have uncontrolled reflex erections but orgasm and ejaculation are usually not possible
- C. He has a lesion with the greatest possibility of successful psychogenic erection with ejaculation and orgasm
- D. He will probably be unable to have either psychogenic or reflexogenic erections and no ejaculation or orgasm
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lower motor neuron lesions result in uncontrolled reflex erections.
Meningeal sign is the following:
- A. Babinsky
- B. Kernig
- C. Lasseg
- D. Romberg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Kernig's sign is the correct answer because it is a clinical sign of meningeal irritation, often seen in meningitis. It is elicited by attempting to extend the knee while the hip is flexed, which causes pain and resistance due to inflammation of the meninges.
In the development of the nervous system, which is the correct order of events?
- A. First, cells must be specified to be neurons, second, these neurons must make connections with their targets, third, the neurons must migrate to their final position, and fourth, the neurons refine their synaptic connections.
- B. First, cells must be specified to be neurons, second, the neurons must migrate to their final position, third, these neurons must make connections with their targets, and fourth, the neurons refine their synaptic connections.
- C. First, cells must migrate to their final position, second, these cells must be specified to be neurons, third, the neurons must make connections with their targets, and fourth, the neurons refine their synaptic connections.
- D. First, the prospective neurons must make connections with their targets, second, the neurons refine their synaptic connections, third, the neurons must migrate to their final position, and fourth, the cells are specified to become neurons.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct sequence of nervous system development involves: (1) specification of cells as neurons, (2) migration of neurons to their final positions, (3) formation of connections with targets, and (4) refinement of synaptic connections. This order ensures proper neural circuit formation and function. Specification occurs first, followed by migration, which positions neurons correctly. Axon outgrowth and target connection occur next, and finally, synaptic pruning and refinement optimize neural communication.