Nokea
One principal function of complement is to
- A. inactivate performs
- B. mediate the release of histamine
- C. Bind antibodies attached to cell surfaces and to lyse these cells
- D. phagocytize antigens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because complement proteins bind antibodies attached to cell surfaces and cause cell lysis, enhancing immune response. Choice A is incorrect as complement does not inactivate performs. Choice B is incorrect as complement does not mediate the release of histamine. Choice D is incorrect as phagocytosis is a function of phagocytes, not complement proteins. Therefore, the correct function of complement is to enhance immune response by binding antibodies and causing cell lysis.
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Which of the following is the most severe complication among clients with allergies,regardless of type?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Cardiac arrest
- C. Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema
- D. Asthma and nasal polyps
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema are life-threatening allergic reactions that require immediate medical intervention.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of T cells?
- A. They recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen
- B. Their receptors possess specificity
- C. Their receptors have one antigen-binding site
- D. Their antigen receptors are never secreted
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because T cells do not recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen. T cell receptors interact with processed antigen fragments presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Choice B is correct because T cell receptors possess specificity for antigens. Choice C is incorrect because T cell receptors have multiple antigen-binding sites. Choice D is incorrect as T cell receptors can be secreted as soluble forms.
A male client is suspected of an immune system disorder. Which of the following important factors will the nurse document while assessing the client?
- A. The client’s diet
- B. The client’s drug history
- C. The client’s ability to produce antibodies
- D. The client’s family members’ history of chronic diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The client’s drug history is crucial as certain medications can affect immune function or mimic immune disorders.
An immune response to polysaccharide subunit vaccines can be obtained
- A. If the vaccines is administered with adjuvants
- B. Only after multiple booster injections
- C. Only if administered orally
- D. If the polysaccharide subunit is coupled to a protein carrier
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because coupling the polysaccharide subunit to a protein carrier enhances the immune response by converting the T-independent response to a T-dependent response. This allows for the induction of memory B cells and long-lasting immunity. Adjuvants (choice A) may enhance immune response but are not essential for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Multiple booster injections (choice B) are not required for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines as a single dose can induce a robust immune response. Administering orally (choice C) is not the only route for obtaining an immune response to polysaccharide subunit vaccines.
To what is the increase in emerging and untreatable infections attributed (select all that apply)?
- A. The evolution of new infectious agents
- B. Use of antibiotics to treat viral infections
- C. Human population encroachment into wilderness areas
- D. Transmission of infectious agents from humans to animals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.