Nokea
Oxytocin:
- A. is not produced in males.
- B. inhibits lactation.
- C. stimulates smooth muscle contraction.
- D. is produced primarily in the SON in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in both males and females. In females, oxytocin plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, notably during labor and childbirth. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, causing them to contract during labor (parturition) and helps in the ejection of milk during breastfeeding. This hormone is primarily synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. Overall, oxytocin's main function is to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and the mammary glands.
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Which one of the following statements best describes an Addisonian crisis?
- A. Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum testosterone levels
- B. Dangerously high levels of testosterone
- C. Dangerously high serum cortisol levels
- D. Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum cortisol levels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An Addisonian crisis, also known as an acute adrenal crisis, is a life-threatening medical emergency that occurs due to severe adrenal insufficiency, leading to a sudden drop in cortisol levels. Cortisol is a vital hormone produced by the adrenal glands, and its deficiency can result in serious symptoms such as hypotension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and shock. If left untreated, an Addisonian crisis can be fatal. Therefore, the correct description of an Addisonian crisis is severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum cortisol levels.
Which of the following is false regarding medullary carcinoma of thyroid?
- A. Cervical Iymphadenopathy
- B. High serum calcitonin
- C. Carcinoid syndrome may be associated with
- D. Psychosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid typically presents with symptoms related to the thyroid gland itself, neck mass or swelling, and sometimes cervical lymphadenopathy. It is characterized by the production of calcitonin, leading to high serum calcitonin levels. Carcinoid syndrome, which includes symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing, is more commonly associated with neuroendocrine tumors, rather than medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Psychosis is not a typical feature or manifestation of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
All of the following are noted in Cushing's syndrome except:
- A. Psychosis
- B. Systemic hypertension
- C. Sexual precocity
- D. Osteoporosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Common features of Cushing's syndrome include weight gain, central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and menstrual irregularities in women.
Acromegaly is associated with all of the following except:
- A. Acanthosis nigricans
- B. Fibromata mollusca
- C. Micrognathia
- D. Cardiomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production after the closure of the epiphyses (growth plates) in bones, leading to abnormal growth of tissues and organs. The following options are associated with acromegaly:
Which test is used to evaluate blood glucose levels over the previous 2 months?
- A. Methemoglobin
- B. Hemoglobin A1c
- C. Fasting blood sugar
- D. C peptide protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hemoglobin A1c, also known as HbA1c or glycated hemoglobin, is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 2 to 3 months. This test is useful in monitoring long-term blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes. Hemoglobin A1c provides an indication of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled over time, reflecting the average blood sugar levels during the lifespan of red blood cells, which is typically around 2 to 3 months. A higher Hemoglobin A1c level indicates poorer blood glucose control and an increased risk of diabetes complications.