Nokea
Paediatric HIV infection:
- A. Is similar to adult HIV infection except for the mode of transmission
- B. Antenatal screening of pregnant women is not of proven benefit
- C. Developmental delay is a recognised presentation
- D. In an infant, the diagnosis is established first before any management steps are undertaken
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Developmental delay is a recognized presentation of paediatric HIV infection, reflecting the impact of the virus on the developing nervous system.
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Regarding malaria:
- A. Plasmodium ovale has an exoerythrocytic cycle
- B. Plasmodium malariae does not occur after 5 years of primary illness
- C. Chloroquine is useful for prophylaxis of falciparum malaria in all areas of the world
- D. Primaquine is used to eradicate falciparum malaria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Plasmodium ovale has both an exoerythrocytic (liver) and erythrocytic (blood) cycle, which is a characteristic of this species of malaria parasite.
Features differentiating renal tubular acidosis type II from type I include:
- A. Increased anion gap
- B. Nephrocalcinosis
- C. Urinary pH can be lowered < 5.5 in ammonium chloride loading test in type I
- D. Aminoaciduria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In type I renal tubular acidosis, urinary pH can be lowered below 5.5 during an ammonium chloride loading test, unlike in type II.
What is the primary nursing intervention to prevent bacterial endocarditis?
- A. Institute measures to prevent dental procedures.
- B. Counsel parents of high-risk children about prophylactic antibiotics.
- C. Observe children for complications, such as embolism and heart failure.
- D. Encourage restricted mobility in susceptible children.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The objective of nursing care is to counsel the parents of high-risk children about both the need for prophylactic antibiotics for dental procedures and the necessity of maintaining excellent oral health. The child’s dentist should be aware of the child’s cardiac condition. Dental procedures should be done to maintain a high level of oral health. Prophylactic antibiotics are necessary. Children should be observed for complications such as embolism and heart failure and restricted mobility should be encouraged in susceptible children, but maintaining good oral health and prophylactic antibiotics is important.
An 8-month-old infant has a hypercyanotic spell while blood is being drawn. What is the priority nursing action?
- A. Assess for neurologic defects
- B. Place the child in the knee-chest position
- C. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- D. Prepare family for imminent death
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The first action is to place the infant in the knee-chest position. Blow-by oxygen may be indicated. Neurologic defects are unlikely. The child should be assessed for airway, breathing, and circulation. Often, calming the child and administering oxygen and morphine can alleviate the hypercyanotic spell.
Recognized features in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome include:
- A. Mutation in fibrillin gene
- B. Short stature
- C. Keratoconus
- D. Easy scarring
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Easy scarring: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by hyperelastic skin, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising and scarring.