Nokea
Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies are tested for:
- A. HBV
- B. HCV
- C. M. tuberculosis
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies should be tested for HBV, HCV, and M. tuberculosis due to the risk of reactivation of these infections during treatment. HBV and HCV reactivation can lead to severe liver damage, while M. tuberculosis reactivation can cause serious respiratory complications. Testing for all three infections helps in identifying and managing any pre-existing infections to ensure patient safety during monoclonal antibody treatment. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these infections presents specific risks that need to be assessed before initiating monoclonal antibody therapy.
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The mold that produces penicillin is an example of:
- A. parasitism
- B. mutualism
- C. commensalism
- D. amensalism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amensalism. Penicillin mold produces a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria, but it does not benefit nor harm the bacteria directly. This relationship is characterized by one organism (the mold) negatively affecting another (the bacteria) without any benefit or harm to itself. In parasitism (A), one organism benefits at the expense of another. In mutualism (B), both organisms benefit from the relationship. In commensalism (C), one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Therefore, the mold producing penicillin fits the definition of amensalism.
The complex of non-specific innate defense factors acting against number of infectious agents is known as:
- A. Adaptive immunity
- B. Immune memory
- C. Antibody
- D. Innate immunity (natural resistance)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Innate immunity (natural resistance). Innate immunity refers to the non-specific defense mechanisms that act against a variety of infectious agents. This includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like phagocytes and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity (A) is specific and involves the production of antibodies and immune memory (B), which are not part of the initial non-specific response. Antibodies (C) are part of the adaptive immune response and are produced in response to specific pathogens, not part of the non-specific innate defense factors.
Which of the following transport mechanisms transports water across the plasma membrane?
- A. osmosis
- B. facilitated diffusion
- C. phagocytosis
- D. exocytosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Osmosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. This movement occurs passively, driven by the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion (B) involves the transport of specific molecules with the help of carrier proteins, not water. Phagocytosis (C) is a process where cells engulf solid particles, not water molecules. Exocytosis (D) is the process of releasing substances from a cell by fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane, not the transport of water across the membrane.
When using gram staining method fungi stain:
- A. Blue-purple
- B. Red
- C. Silver
- D. Do not stain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fungi do not stain in the gram staining method because they have a unique cell wall composition different from bacteria. Fungi have chitin in their cell walls, which is not easily stained by the gram staining process. This method primarily targets the peptidoglycan layer present in bacterial cell walls. Therefore, fungi will not take up the stain and will remain colorless. The other choices (A: Blue-purple, B: Red, C: Silver) are incorrect because they describe colors that are associated with staining results for bacteria, not fungi.
There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends placed in the shape of Roman numeral five. What infection can be suspected in this case?
- A. Diphtheria
- B. Scarlet fever
- C. Listeriosis
- D. Tonsilitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A (Diphtheria):
1. Thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on ends suggest Corynebacterium diphtheriae, characteristic of diphtheria.
2. Roman numeral five shape is typical of diphtheria bacilli.
3. Diphtheria causes sore throat and can spread in boarding schools.
4. Neisser staining method is used for diphtheria bacilli.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and presents with rash, not yellow bacilli.
C: Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, not consistent with the described findings.
D: Tonsillitis can be caused by various bacteria or viruses, but the specific characteristics described do not match.