Nokea
Patients who work in settings that require repetition of the same hand movements over a long period of time have an increased risk for which of the following disorders?
- A. Osteomyelitis.
- B. Osteoporosis.
- C. Carpal tunnel syndrome.
- D. Fracture of the overused area.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Repetitive strain can lead to median nerve compression causing carpal tunnel syndrome.
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The following may cause an elevated blood urea:
- A. renal disease
- B. steroid therapy
- C. dehydration
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Elevated blood urea can result from renal disease, steroid therapy, or dehydration due to reduced renal perfusion or increased protein catabolism.
A patient becomes startled when the alarm rings for a fire drill. After reassuring the patient that there is no danger, an assessment is completed. Which finding may be related to a sympathetic response?
- A. Wheezing
- B. Confusion
- C. Incontinence
- D. Diminished bowel sounds
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A sympathetic response, or fight-or-flight reaction, includes decreased gastrointestinal activity, leading to diminished bowel sounds. Wheezing, confusion, and incontinence are not typical sympathetic responses. Understanding the autonomic nervous system helps explain physiological changes during stress.
The 'sodium-potassium pump' pumps ___________.
- A. sodium ions out and potassium ions in
- B. sodium ions in and potassium ions out
- C. sodium and potassium ions in
- D. sodium and potassium ions out
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump is a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron. This process requires energy in the form of ATP and helps maintain the resting membrane potential. By creating a concentration gradient of these ions, the pump ensures that the neuron is ready to generate action potentials and transmit nerve impulses efficiently.
With regard to the cutaneous innervation of the thorax and abdomen
- A. above the 2nd rib, the skin is supplied by the cervical plexus (C4)
- B. loss of a single spinal segment will produce a sensory deficit
- C. it is supplied segmentally by the anterior primary rami of T1 to L1
- D. T8 supplies skin at the level of the umbilicus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The thorax and abdomen are supplied segmentally by the anterior primary rami of T1 to L1. Each dermatome corresponds to a specific spinal nerve level.
A positive Plantar reflex in an adult is:
- A. Dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of all toes
- B. Plantar flexion of the big toe with a fanning of all toes
- C. The expected response in a health adult
- D. Withdrawl of the stimulated extremity from the stimulus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A positive Babinski sign (Plantar reflex) in adults is abnormal and indicates upper motor neuron dysfunction. It is characterized by dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of the other toes. In healthy adults, the normal response is plantar flexion of the toes.