Nokea
Peristalsis in the muscle component of the human esophagus is produced by:
- A. A gradient in slow waves going from the top to the bottom
- B. Gravity moving swallowed food down the esophagus
- C. Simultaneous contraction of the entire longitudinal muscle layer
- D. Sequential firing of the extrinsic nerves from the nucleus ambiguous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sequential firing of vagal nerves from the nucleus ambiguus coordinates esophageal peristalsis, moving food downward.
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How many pairs of salivary glands produce saliva, which contains amylase to start digestion of dietary starch?
- A. Two
- B. Three
- C. Four
- D. Five
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Humans have three pairs of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) that produce saliva containing amylase; not five as originally asserted.
The pylorus is best described as the:
- A. Area of the stomach that accepts food from the esophagus
- B. Valve between the ileum and the cecum
- C. Terminal portion of the large intestine
- D. Area of the stomach that empties into the small intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The pylorus is the lower part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum.
Which type of motility in the large intestine helps in the absorption of water and electrolytes?
- A. Peristalsis
- B. Segmentation
- C. Mass movements
- D. Swallowing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Segmentation in the large intestine involves rhythmic contractions that mix contents, increasing contact time with the mucosa for water and electrolyte absorption.
Which of the given enzymes is responsible for the digestion of milk protein?
- A. Erepsin
- B. Trypsin
- C. Pepsin
- D. Rennin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rennin is responsible for the digestion of milk protein. Rennin is present in the human body in its inactive form called prorenin. When we consume milk, it reacts with the hydrochloric acid present in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid activates the inert prorenin and converts it into active Rennin.
Which process matches the definition: The process of distributing absorbed nutrients to the cells of the body for growth and repair?
- A. Ingestion
- B. Absorption
- C. Assimilation
- D. Peristalsis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Assimilation involves distributing absorbed nutrients to body cells for use.