Nokea
Persistent dry cough is a common side effect of:
- A. ACE inhibitor
- B. Calcium channel blockers
- C. Beta blockers
- D. Angiotensin receptor blockers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril, frequently cause a persistent dry cough due to increased bradykinin levels irritating the respiratory tract.
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A nurse in a provider's office is monitoring serum electrolytes for four older adult clients who take digoxin. Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client's risk for Digoxin toxicity?
- A. Calcium 9.2 mg/dL
- B. Calcium 10.3 mg/dL
- C. Potassium 3.4 mEq/L
- D. Potassium 4.8 mEq/
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypokalemia (3.4 mEq/L, C) increases digoxin toxicity risk by enhancing its effects.
A 26-year-old lady with primary infertility presents with hot flashes, nausea and a palpable adnexal mass.
- A. Clomiphene
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide
- C. Furosemide
- D. Mifepristone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clomiphene induces ovulation, with side effects including hot flashes and ovarian cysts.
Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor:
- A. Adenylyl cyclase
- B. Sodium ions
- C. Phospholipase C
- D. cAMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: cAMP is a classic second messenger generated by G-protein-coupled receptors via adenylyl cyclase.
Despite good blood pressure control, an NP might change a patient's drug from an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) because the ARB:
- A. Is stronger than the ACE inhibitor
- B. Does not produce a dry, hacky cough
- C. Has no effect on the renal system
- D. Reduces sodium and water retention
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ARBs lack the cough side effect common with ACE inhibitors.
What is the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation?
- A. Elimination
- B. Bioavailability
- C. Metabolism
- D. Drug displacement
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation, a key pharmacokinetic parameter.