Nokea
Pharmacokinetic changes in the elderly that affect drug dosing include:
- A. Decreased renal function
- B. Increased liver metabolism
- C. Decreased body fat
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Choice A is correct because decreased renal function in the elderly slows drug excretion, requiring dose adjustments to prevent accumulation, per geriatric pharmacology. Choice B is incorrect as liver metabolism decreases, not increases. Choice C is wrong because body fat increases, not decreases. Choice D is incorrect since only A is accurate.
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Drugs that are Pregnancy Category C:
- A. Have known fetal risks that outweigh the benefits
- B. Have no adequate studies in pregnant women
- C. Are proven safe in pregnancy
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Choice B is correct because Category C drugs lack sufficient human studies, with animal studies showing risk or no data, used only if benefits justify, per FDA. Choice A is incorrect as that defines Category X, not C. Choice C is wrong because Category B, not C, indicates safety. Choice D is incorrect since only B fits Category C.
Schedule II drugs are characterized by:
- A. High potential for abuse
- B. Low potential for abuse
- C. No accepted medical use
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Choice A is correct because Schedule II drugs (e.g., oxycodone) have a high abuse potential with accepted medical use, per DEA rules. Choice B is incorrect as low potential is Schedule IV/V. Choice C is wrong because no medical use is Schedule I. Choice D is incorrect since only A applies.
Drugs that should be avoided in children include:
- A. Acetaminophen
- B. Aspirin
- C. Amoxicillin
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Choice B is correct because aspirin is avoided in children under 16 due to its association with Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious liver and brain condition, per AAP recommendations. Choice A is incorrect as acetaminophen is safe and commonly used. Choice C is wrong because amoxicillin is a standard pediatric antibiotic with a good safety profile. Choice D is incorrect since only aspirin fits the avoidance criterion.
The current trend toward transitioning NP programs to the doctoral level will mean that:
- A. NPs licensed in one state may practice in other states.
- B. full prescriptive authority will be granted to all NPs with doctoral degrees.
- C. NPs will be better prepared to meet emerging health care needs of patients.
- D. requirements for physician supervision of NPs will be removed in all states.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because doctoral programs aim to better prepare NPs for evolving healthcare needs, per the AACN. Choice A is incorrect as licensure remains state-specific. Choice B is wrong since prescriptive authority depends on state laws. Choice D is inaccurate as supervision rules vary by state.
Drugs that should be avoided in children include:
- A. Acetaminophen
- B. Aspirin
- C. Amoxicillin
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Choice B is correct because aspirin is avoided in children under 16 due to its association with Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious liver and brain condition, per AAP recommendations. Choice A is incorrect as acetaminophen is safe and commonly used. Choice C is wrong because amoxicillin is a standard pediatric antibiotic with a good safety profile. Choice D is incorrect since only aspirin fits the avoidance criterion.