Nokea
Polymenorrhoea is defined as:
- A. Menstruation that occurs at an interval less than 35 days
- B. Menstruation that occurs at an interval greater than 35 days
- C. Menstruation that occurs at an interval less than 21 days
- D. Menstruation that occurs at an interval greater than 21 days
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polymenorrhoea is defined as menstruation that occurs at intervals shorter than 21 days. Choice A is incorrect because it describes menstruation at intervals less than 35 days. Choice B is incorrect as it describes menstruation at intervals greater than 35 days. Choice D is incorrect as it describes menstruation at intervals greater than 21 days.
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The _________ is a temporary organ that connects a mammalian mother to its foetus.
- A. Placenta
- B. Chorion
- C. Endometrium
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Placenta. The placenta is a temporary organ that connects a mammalian mother to its foetus. It plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and the developing baby. Choice B, Chorion, is incorrect as it is a part of the fetal membrane but not the organ that connects the mother to the fetus. Choice C, Endometrium, is incorrect as it is the lining of the uterus where implantation occurs but is not the organ responsible for connecting the mother to the fetus. Choice D, None of the above, is incorrect as the placenta specifically fits the description provided in the question.
Which one of the following statements is NOT true about menstruation?
- A. The average amount of menstrual flow is 50 to 90 ml.
- B. The menstrual flow constitutes serous fluid, necrotic slough.
- C. The cycle is influenced by the ovarian hormones Estrogen and progesterone.
- D. The menstrual flow has non-clotting blood.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The statement that menstrual flow has non-clotting blood is incorrect because menstrual blood can indeed clot. Choices A, B, and C are all true statements about menstruation. Choice A reflects the average amount of menstrual flow, choice B describes the components of menstrual flow, and choice C correctly identifies the ovarian hormones that influence the menstrual cycle.
What is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia?
- A. Malaria.
- B. Tuberculosis.
- C. HIV.
- D. Ascariasis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Malaria. Malaria is a prevalent cause of abortion in Zambia due to its impact on maternal health. Malaria infection during pregnancy can lead to severe complications, including miscarriage. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while Tuberculosis, HIV, and Ascariasis are significant health issues, they are not the commonest cause of abortion in Zambia as Malaria.
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the menstrual cycle?
- A. Follicular phase
- B. Ovulatory phase
- C. Luteal phase
- D. Secretory phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The secretory phase is not considered a distinct phase of the menstrual cycle; it is actually part of the luteal phase. During the luteal phase, the endometrium thickens due to progesterone secretion, preparing for implantation. The follicular phase is characterized by follicle development, leading to ovulation. The ovulatory phase is when the mature egg is released from the ovary. Therefore, the secretory phase is the correct answer as it is not a standalone phase but a part of the luteal phase.
Expanded access to family planning is facilitated by the use of:
- A. The private sector and social marketing
- B. Community-based programs
- C. Information, Education, and Communication
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Expanded access to family planning is achieved through various means, including utilizing the private sector, employing social marketing strategies, implementing community-based programs, and emphasizing Information, Education, and Communication initiatives. Each of the options plays a crucial role in enhancing access to family planning services. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above.' Option A focuses on involving the private sector and social marketing, which are essential components. Option B emphasizes community-based programs, which are another key aspect. Option C highlights the significance of Information, Education, and Communication in promoting family planning. As all these strategies are integral to expanding access to family planning, the most comprehensive answer is 'All of the above.'