Nokea
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to increase a female's risk of all the following clinical outcomes except:
- A. Breast cancer
- B. Hip fracture
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Venous thromboembolism Endocrine Answers 1 C 26 B 51 D 76 B 2 C 27 A 52 A 77 C 3 B 28 C 53 B 78 D 4 B 29 D 54 B 79 D 5 C 30 B 55 C 80 C 6 A 31 B 56 C 81 C 7 A 32 D 57 B 82 A 8 B 33 D 58 C 83 C 9 C 34 C 59 A 84 B 10 C 35 C 60 A 85 A 11 B 36 A 61 B 86 B 12 A 37 D 62 A 87 D 13 B 38 B 63 A 88 A 14 C 39 D 64 B 89 C 15 D 40 A 65 B 90 A 16 D 41 D 66 D 91 D 17 A 42 D 67 A 92 B 18 C 43 D 68 C 93 A 19 A 44 B 69 A 94 A 20 B 45 B 70 A 95 A 21 A 46 A 71 A 96 D 22 B 47 C 72 B 97 D 23 B 48 A 73 D 98 B 24 B 49 D 74 B 99 D 25 B 50 C 75 D 100 B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to have a protective effect on bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, including hip fractures. Estrogen therapy helps to maintain bone strength and reduce the chances of fractures in postmenopausal women. Therefore, estrogen therapy does not increase the risk of hip fractures; in fact, it may decrease the risk of hip fractures in this population.
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All of the following are noted in Cushing's syndrome except:
- A. Psychosis
- B. Systemic hypertension
- C. Sexual precocity
- D. Osteoporosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Common features of Cushing's syndrome include weight gain, central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and menstrual irregularities in women.
Which of the following is a complication of diabetes mellitus?
- A. Gastroparesis
- B. Exophthalmos
- C. Hirsutism
- D. Moon facies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gastroparesis is a complication of diabetes mellitus. It is a condition that affects the normal spontaneous movement of the muscles in the stomach, causing delayed emptying of food from the stomach into the small intestine. This can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, and poor appetite. Diabetes can damage the nerves that control the stomach muscles, resulting in gastroparesis. Managing blood sugar levels and following a proper diet can help in controlling the symptoms of gastroparesis in individuals with diabetes. Exophthalmos, hirsutism, and moon facies are not typically associated with complications of diabetes mellitus.
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Thyroiditis
- B. Toxic thyroid adenoma
- C. Toxic multinodular goitre
- D. Grave's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. This results in symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, and tremors. While toxic thyroid adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre, and thyroiditis are also potential causes of hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease is the most prevalent among them.
Which one of the following statements describes the underlying pathology of Grave's disease?
- A. An autoimmune disease directed against thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors. The autoantibodies stimulate the TSH receptors causing increased T3 and T4 production.
- B. Inflammation of the thyroid gland due to lymphocytic infiltration causes the stored thyroid hormones to be released into the circulation leading to hyperthyroidism.
- C. Consumption of ground beef which has been contaminated with thyroid tissue. The thyroid tissue contains metabolically active thyroid hormones which causes hyperthyroidism.
- D. A benign tumour of the thyroid gland which produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies, known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) or thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAs), bind to and stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on thyroid follicular cells. This leads to increased production and secretion of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), causing hyperthyroidism. The autoantibodies essentially mimic the action of TSH, resulting in excess thyroid hormone release and manifestation of hyperthyroid symptoms. This underlying pathology of Graves' disease is distinct from other causes of hyperthyroidism, making choice A the correct statement.
In males which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
- A. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- C. hormone
- D. insipidus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In males, Leydig cells in the testes are stimulated to produce testosterone by luteinizing hormone (LH). LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and acts on the Leydig cells to promote the synthesis and release of testosterone. This hormone plays a crucial role in male reproductive function and the development of masculine characteristics. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a role in spermatogenesis in males but does not directly stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone.