Nokea
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to increase a female's risk of all the following clinical outcomes except:
- A. Breast cancer
- B. Hip fracture
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Venous thromboembolism Endocrine Answers 1 C 26 B 51 D 76 B 2 C 27 A 52 A 77 C 3 B 28 C 53 B 78 D 4 B 29 D 54 B 79 D 5 C 30 B 55 C 80 C 6 A 31 B 56 C 81 C 7 A 32 D 57 B 82 A 8 B 33 D 58 C 83 C 9 C 34 C 59 A 84 B 10 C 35 C 60 A 85 A 11 B 36 A 61 B 86 B 12 A 37 D 62 A 87 D 13 B 38 B 63 A 88 A 14 C 39 D 64 B 89 C 15 D 40 A 65 B 90 A 16 D 41 D 66 D 91 D 17 A 42 D 67 A 92 B 18 C 43 D 68 C 93 A 19 A 44 B 69 A 94 A 20 B 45 B 70 A 95 A 21 A 46 A 71 A 96 D 22 B 47 C 72 B 97 D 23 B 48 A 73 D 98 B 24 B 49 D 74 B 99 D 25 B 50 C 75 D 100 B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to have a protective effect on bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, including hip fractures. Estrogen therapy helps to maintain bone strength and reduce the chances of fractures in postmenopausal women. Therefore, estrogen therapy does not increase the risk of hip fractures; in fact, it may decrease the risk of hip fractures in this population.
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Acromegaly is associated with all of the following except:
- A. Acanthosis nigricans
- B. Fibromata mollusca
- C. Micrognathia
- D. Cardiomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production after the closure of the epiphyses (growth plates) in bones, leading to abnormal growth of tissues and organs. The following options are associated with acromegaly:
Which of the following is the most potent stimulus for hypothalamic production of arginine vasopressin?
- A. Hypertonicity
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypokalemia
- D. Hypotonicity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertonicity (increased osmolarity or high concentration of solutes in the blood) is the most potent stimulus for the hypothalamic production of arginine vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). When the body senses increased plasma osmolality, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. Vasopressin acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption and decrease urine output, helping to restore normal osmolarity. This mechanism helps to conserve water and maintain body fluid balance in response to dehydration or increased solute concentration in the blood.
The posterior pituitary stores and secretes _________.
- A. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
- B. growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
- C. estrogen and testosterone.
- D. aldosterone and cortisol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The posterior pituitary gland secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary before being released into the bloodstream. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Oxytocin, on the other hand, plays a role in various reproductive functions such as labor and lactation, as well as social bonding and behavior.
A person with acromegaly usually has:
- A. prognathism and large fleshy lips.
- B. hypoglycemia.
- C. a growth hormone deficiency.
- D. protruding eye balls.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from the overproduction of growth hormone (GH) in adulthood. One of the key physical characteristics associated with acromegaly is the enlargement of facial features. People with acromegaly often develop prognathism, which is a condition where the lower jaw protrudes forward, leading to a prominent lower face. Additionally, they may have large fleshy lips due to the soft tissue swelling that occurs as a result of excess GH. Other common signs of acromegaly include enlarged hands and feet, thickened skin, and joint pain.
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Thyroiditis
- B. Toxic thyroid adenoma
- C. Toxic multinodular goitre
- D. Grave's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. This results in symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, and tremors. While toxic thyroid adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre, and thyroiditis are also potential causes of hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease is the most prevalent among them.