Nokea
Prednisolone increases the risk of tendon damage/rupture when taken with fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: True (Choice A) is correct; corticosteroids like prednisolone weaken tendons, and fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin independently increase rupture risk, synergistically heightening danger when combined. False (Choice B) denies this established interaction, making A the answer. No C or D options exist, so the format adjusts accordingly.
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Which medication route provides the most rapid onset of a medication but also poses the greatest risk of adverse effects?
- A. Intradermal
- B. Subcutaneous (subcut)
- C. Intramuscular (IM)
- D. Intravenous (IV)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: D' is correct because intravenous (IV) administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption barriers for the fastest onset, but its immediacy increases adverse effect risks, per pharmacokinetics. 'A' (intradermal) is slow, for testing. 'B' (subcut) and 'C' (IM) have slower absorption via tissues. IV's directness requires careful monitoring, balancing speed with safety concerns.
Biological barriers include all except:
- A. Renal tubules.
- B. Cell membranes
- C. Capillary walls
- D. Lumen of blood capillaries
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: D' is correct because the lumen of blood capillaries is the interior space where blood flows, not a barrier—barriers are structures impeding drug passage, like 'B' (cell membranes), 'C' (capillary walls), and 'A' (renal tubules), which filter or restrict movement. 'D' is where drugs travel, not a barrier. This distinction aligns with pharmacokinetic models of drug distribution and excretion.
A patient has been using sleeping pills every night for the past several months. Now admitted to the hospital, he is prescribed his usual dose of sleeping pill. After administration, the patient continues to be restless and is wide awake. The nurse notifies the health care provider, who prescribes an increased dose. After receiving the new dose, the patient falls asleep. The nurse interprets this as which of the following?
- A. Drug idiosyncrasy
- B. Cumulative drug effect
- C. Drug tolerance
- D. Toxic reactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Drug tolerance (C) explains needing a higher dose for effect after prolonged use, per the text. Idiosyncrasy (A) is unusual, cumulative effect (B) is buildup, and toxicity (D) is overdose. The text defines tolerance as reduced response, matching this scenario.
Pharmacodynamics involves the study of:
- A. Mechanisms of drug action.
- B. Metabolism of a drug in the organism.
- C. What the body does to a drug.
- D. What the drug does to the body.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: D' is correct because pharmacodynamics studies what drugs do to the body, including effects and mechanisms, distinct from pharmacokinetics ('C'). 'A' is part of it but incomplete. 'B' and 'C' are pharmacokinetics. 'D' aligns with the standard definition in pharmacology texts.
Which drug is used in heart failure and can cause hyperkalemia?
- A. Furosemide
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Digoxin
- D. Metoprolol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: B' is correct because spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, causes hyperkalemia by reducing potassium excretion, per pharmacology. 'A' (furosemide) causes hypokalemia. 'C' (digoxin) and 'D' (metoprolol) don't affect potassium. Hyperkalemia is a key monitoring concern with spironolactone.