Nokea
Prenatally malnourished babies frequently __________.
- A. reject breast milk
- B. have enlarged hearts
- C. catch respiratory illnesses
- D. have a higher-than-average birth weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prenatally malnourished babies frequently catch respiratory illnesses. Malnourished babies have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to illnesses such as respiratory infections. This is a common consequence that is observed in babies who did not receive adequate nutrition during the prenatal period. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While malnourished babies may have feeding challenges, rejecting breast milk is not a common consequence. Enlarged hearts are not typically associated with prenatal malnutrition, and having a higher-than-average birth weight is unlikely in malnourished babies.
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Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.
- A. practice
- B. cross-sectional
- C. dropout
- D. cohort
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The concern Professor Higgins has regarding the findings of the longitudinal study is related to cohort effects. Cohort effects occur when a specific group of individuals experience a common event or circumstance that could influence the results of a study. In this case, the participants witnessing the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center could have had a significant impact on their development and mental health outcomes, leading to cohort effects observed in the study. Choice A, 'practice,' is incorrect as it refers to the repeated performance of an activity to improve skill. Choice B, 'cross-sectional,' is incorrect as it involves data collection at a single point in time. Choice C, 'dropout,' is incorrect as it refers to participants leaving a study prematurely.
Nonnormative influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.
- A. Nonnormative
- B. History-graded
- C. Age-graded
- D. Bio-historical
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nonnormative. Nonnormative influences are events or experiences that are irregular and unique to the individual, so they do not follow a predictable timetable. These influences can include major life events like winning the lottery or experiencing a natural disaster, and they have a significant impact on a person's development. Choice B, History-graded influences, are events that are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances. Choice C, Age-graded influences, are events that are typical for people of a certain age group. Choice D, Bio-historical, is not a recognized term in developmental psychology.
Which of the following best describes a sequential design?
- A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
- B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
- C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
- D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.
The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the __________.
- A. microsystem
- B. macrosystem
- C. exosystem
- D. mesosystem
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the macrosystem. This level refers to the broader cultural context that shapes the values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular society. It includes factors such as ideology, political systems, societal norms, and cultural influences that impact development at all other levels within the model.
Choice A, microsystem, refers to the immediate environment or setting in which an individual lives and interacts. Choice C, exosystem, involves settings that individuals do not directly experience but still influence them. Choice D, mesosystem, refers to the connections between various aspects of an individual's microsystem.
Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.
- A. ethology
- B. social learning theory
- C. psychoanalytic theory
- D. cognitive-developmental theory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen are considered the founders of ethology, a branch of biology and psychology that focuses on the study of animal behavior in natural environments. Their work laid the modern foundations for ethology, which examines the behavior of animals in relation to their natural habitats and evolutionary history. Choice B, social learning theory, is incorrect as it pertains to a different area of psychology that focuses on how people learn through observing others. Choice C, psychoanalytic theory, is also incorrect as it is a psychological theory developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior. Choice D, cognitive-developmental theory, is incorrect as it refers to the work of Jean Piaget in understanding the development of human cognition in children.