Nokea
Propranolol can produce the following EXCEPT:
- A. Stimulation of beta adrenoreceptors
- B. Depression of cardiac contractility
- C. Decreased biood pressure
- D. Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Propranolol, a beta-blocker, inhibits beta receptors, reducing contractility (B), blood pressure (C), and heart rate (D); it does not stimulate them (A).
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Characteristics of Amfotericin B are following, EXCEPT:
- A. Used for systemic mycosis treatment
- B. Poor absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract
- C. Does not demonstrate nephrotoxicity
- D. Influences the permeability of fungus cell membrane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Does not demonstrate nephrotoxicity." Amphotericin B is known for its nephrotoxicity, which can lead to kidney damage. This is a well-documented side effect of the drug. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Amphotericin B is indeed used for systemic mycosis treatment, poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and influences the permeability of fungus cell membrane, making them true characteristics of the drug.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client taking a benzodiazepine. Which client statement would indicate a need for further follow-up instructions?
- A. “I will need scheduled blood work in order to monitor for toxic levels of this drug.”
- B. “I won’t stop taking this medication abruptly because there could be serious complications.”
- C. “I will not drink alcohol while taking this medication.”
- D. “I won’t take extra doses of this drug because I can become addicted.”
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because benzodiazepines do not typically require routine blood level monitoring. Monitoring for toxicity is generally done through clinical assessment rather than blood tests. Choice B is correct as abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms. Choice C is correct as alcohol can enhance the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. Choice D is correct as benzodiazepines have a potential for addiction and should not be taken in higher doses than prescribed.
This drug is an inhibitor of renin synthesis:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Enalapril
- C. Diazoxide
- D. Losartan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Propranolol. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that inhibits renin synthesis by blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. This leads to decreased renin release and ultimately reduces the production of angiotensin II. Enalapril (B) is an ACE inhibitor that acts downstream by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Diazoxide (C) is a potassium channel activator and Losartan (D) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker, both of which do not directly inhibit renin synthesis.
Rational anti-microbial combination is used to:
- A. Provide synergism when microorganisms are not effectively eradicated with a single agent alone
- B. Provide broad coverage
- C. Prevent the emergence of resistance
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Choice A is correct because combining antimicrobial agents can enhance their effectiveness against resistant strains.
2. Choice B is correct because a combination can target a wider range of microorganisms.
3. Choice C is correct because using a combination can help reduce the chance of resistance developing.
Summary:
All of the above choices are correct because rational antimicrobial combinations provide synergism, broad coverage, and prevent resistance emergence.
Unwanted effects of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) are the following, EXEPT:
- A. Thrombocytopenia
- B. GI toxicity
- C. Bleeding disorders
- D. Fractures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fractures. Plicamycin is not known to cause fractures. Thrombocytopenia, GI toxicity, and bleeding disorders are potential unwanted effects of plicamycin due to its impact on bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. It is crucial to recognize that fractures are not a documented side effect of plicamycin, making option D the correct answer.