Nokea
Recent studies indicate that a deficiency of which vitamin correlates with increased morbidity and mortality in children with measles?
- A. A
- B. C
- C. Niacin
- D. Folic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Recent studies have shown that a deficiency of vitamin A correlates with increased morbidity and mortality in children with measles. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in supporting the immune system and helps protect against severe complications of measles, such as pneumonia and vision problems. Children with measles are at higher risk of vitamin A deficiency due to factors such as decreased intake and increased utilization of vitamin A during infection. Providing vitamin A supplementation to children with measles has been shown to reduce the severity of the disease and improve outcomes. Therefore, ensuring adequate vitamin A levels is essential in the management of children with measles to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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The nurse is assessing a client with possible Cushing's syndrome. In a client with Cushing's syndrome, the nurse would expect to find:
- A. hypotension
- B. thick, coarse skin
- C. deposits of adipose tissue in the trunk and dorsocervical area
- D. weight gain in arms and legs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a disorder characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. One of the classic physical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome is the accumulation of adipose (fat) tissue in specific areas, such as the trunk (central obesity) and dorsocervical area (referred to as a "buffalo hump"). This redistribution of body fat is a key feature in Cushing's syndrome. The thick, coarse skin is commonly seen in conditions like acromegaly, not in Cushing's syndrome. Weight gain in the arms and legs is not a typical finding in Cushing's syndrome. Additionally, hypertension, rather than hypotension, is more commonly associated with excess cortisol levels in Cushing's syndrome.
A nurse is assessing a 12-month-old infant. Which statement best describes the infant's physical development a nurse should expect to find?
- A. Anterior fontanel closes by age 6 to 10 months.
- B. Binocularity is well established by age 8 months.
- C. Birth weight doubles by age 5 months and triples by age 1 year.
- D. Maternal iron stores persist during the first 12 months of life.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The statement that best describes the infant's physical development that a nurse should expect to find is that birth weight doubles by age 5 months and triples by age 1 year. This characteristic growth pattern is typical in the first year of life. Infants usually regain their birth weight by around 2 weeks of age, double it by about 5 months, and triple it by 1 year. This steady growth reflects the healthy development of the infant and is an important marker of overall well-being and nutrition. It is a key aspect that healthcare providers, including nurses, monitor closely to ensure the infant is thriving.
A baby, exhibiting no obvious signs of congestive heart failure, has been diagnosed with a small ventricular septal defect. Which of the following information should the nurse explain to the baby's parents?
- A. The baby will likely need open-heart surgery within a week.
- B. The defect will likely close without therapy.
- C. The defect likely developed early in the second trimester.
- D. The baby will likely be placed on high-calorie formula.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse should explain to the baby's parents that the ventricular septal defect will likely close without therapy. Small ventricular septal defects have a high likelihood of closing on their own as the child grows. Surgical intervention is usually not necessary for small defects, especially when the baby does not exhibit signs of congestive heart failure. It is important for the parents to be aware of the natural course of the defect and to follow up with the healthcare provider for monitoring and management.
For a client with low blood volume, what are the implications of decreasing blood pressure and a rapid heart rate?
- A. Compression of blood vessels due to blood loss
- B. Increase in the circulating blood volume
- C. Inadequate renal perfusion
- D. Hypovolemia and shock
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In a client with low blood volume, a decrease in blood pressure and a rapid heart rate can indicate hypovolemia, which is a condition characterized by a decreased volume of circulating blood. This can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs, including the kidneys (choice C), as well as other tissues throughout the body. If left unaddressed, severe hypovolemia can progress to shock, a critical condition where there is inadequate blood flow to meet the body's metabolic demands. This can result in organ dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications. Therefore, the implications of decreasing blood pressure and a rapid heart rate in a client with low blood volume are indicative of hypovolemia and the potential development of shock.
Chemotherapy has a major role in many childhood CNS tumors. In which of the following tumors is chemotherapy not effective?
- A. pilocytic astrocytoma
- B. craniopharyngioma
- C. pineoblastoma
- D. supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pilocytic astrocytomas are generally low-grade and less responsive to chemotherapy compared to other listed tumors.