Nokea
Recognised causes of stroke in children include:
- A. Sickle cell disease
- B. Cystinuria
- C. SLE
- D. Left-to-right shunts
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sickle cell disease can cause stroke in children due to the sickled cells blocking blood flow to the brain.
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Patients with a small PDA have the following criteria EXCEPT
- A. asymptomatic risk for endocarditis
- B. normal peripheral pulses
- C. normal pulmonary artery pressure
- D. normal life expectancy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Small PDAs typically have a low risk for endocarditis.
Evidence of increased pulmonary flow is associated with:
- A. Coarctation of the aorta
- B. Fallot's tetralogy
- C. Pneumocystis infection
- D. Ventricular septal defect
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A ventricular septal defect (VSD) leads to increased pulmonary blood flow due to left-to-right shunting, resulting in pulmonary congestion.
The differential diagnosis of the patient includes all of the following EXCEPT
- A. rheumatic fever
- B. SLE
- C. chronic atrial fibrillation
- D. postmeningococcal immune complexes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic atrial fibrillation is unlikely in an 8-year-old with acute onset symptoms.
Common causes of recurrent abdominal pain include:
- A. Gilbert syndrome
- B. Chronic constipation
- C. Functional cause
- D. Gastric ulcer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Functional abdominal pain is a common cause of recurrent abdominal pain in children, often without an identifiable organic cause.
Causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism are:
- A. Kallman's syndrome
- B. Testicular atrophy
- C. Klinefelter's syndrome
- D. Hypothalamic tumour
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Kallman's syndrome is a well-known cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The other options (b-e) are either causes of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or unrelated conditions.