Nokea
Regarding HIV/AIDS
- A. Shingles, seborrhoeic dermatitis and recurrent HSV infections are typical of early infection
- B. A CD4 count of 1.0 x 10^9/L is associated with late stage AIDS
- C. Pre and post test counselling for HIV serology is now no longer mandatory
- D. Pneumococcus is a more likely pathogen than TB in AIDS patients with pneumonia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV early skin woes, CD4's units flop, counseling holds, TB trumps pneumococcus, toxo hits brain. Nurses chase this chronic lung truth.
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Which of the following models view disability as directly caused by disease or trauma?
- A. Social
- B. Nursing
- C. Medical
- D. Collaborative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The medical model pins disability on disease or injury fix the body, fix the problem a view nurses use for acute hits. Social blames society's gaps; nursing, collaborative blend care angles, not cause. It's a chronic lens shift, body-first.
Mr Tan aged 50 years old has a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg taken on waking up and 140/90 mmHg at night. He also has a UAE of 200 mg/24 hours. He has type 2 diabetes. Which of the following actions will be most likely reduce the UAE to normal?
- A. Get the patient to lose 10% of his body weight
- B. Prescribe a SGLT2 e.g. empagliflozin
- C. Control the blood pressure to 130/80 mmHg
- D. Get the patient to exercise 150 minutes a week
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: UAE 200, diabetes BP to 130/80 slashes albumin; weight, SGLT2, exercise, nifedipine help less direct. Nurses hit this chronic kidney key.
The nurse is caring for a 39-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer. She requested a breast tumor marking test and the results have come back positive. As a result, the patient is requesting a bilateral mastectomy. This surgery is an example of what type of oncologic surgery?
- A. Salvage surgery
- B. Palliative surgery
- C. Prophylactic surgery
- D. Reconstructive surgery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A bilateral mastectomy here is prophylactic removing nonvital breasts to prevent cancer in a high-risk patient with a positive tumor marker and family history. It's about risk reduction, not treatment of existing disease. Salvage surgery tackles recurrence after a less aggressive initial approach, like resecting a regrown tumor. Palliative surgery eases symptoms (e.g., pain from obstruction) in advanced cases, not prevention. Reconstructive surgery restores form or function post-treatment, like breast reconstruction after curative mastectomy. Prophylactic fits this preemptive strike, driven by genetic or familial risk (e.g., BRCA mutations), a growing trend in oncology to outpace cancer's onset, guided by nurses supporting informed, tough choices.
Which of the following interventions would be best for the child who has developed mucositis as a side effect of chemotherapy?
- A. Using lemon glycerin swabs for oral hygiene.
- B. Keeping the child NPO until all sores are healed.
- C. Having the child swish and swallow viscous lidocaine.
- D. Giving the child pudding for breakfast.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mucositis, a painful chemotherapy side effect, involves inflamed, ulcerated mucous membranes, often in the mouth, complicating eating and hygiene. Offering pudding a soft, bland, cool food is the best intervention, as it minimizes irritation and pain, encouraging nutrition without exacerbating sores. Lemon glycerin swabs are harsh, with citric acid and chemicals worsening discomfort and delaying healing. Keeping the child NPO (nothing by mouth) for weeks until sores heal is impractical and risks malnutrition, as mucositis can persist throughout chemotherapy. Viscous lidocaine might numb pain but is a last resort if the child refuses all intake, not a first-line comfort measure. Pudding supports hydration and calorie intake safely, aligning with nursing's goal to maintain nutrition and comfort in pediatric oncology, reducing mucositis-related distress effectively.
Foam cells are a prominent feature of atherosclerosis. Question: Foam cells develop as a result of which of the following options?
- A. Uptake of LDL in macrophages
- B. Uptake of LDL by LDL-R
- C. Uptake of ox-LDL by scavenger receptors
- D. Uptake of LDL by scavenger receptors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Foam cells ox-LDL via scavenger receptors stuff macrophages, not plain LDL or LDL-R. Nurses see this, a chronic plaque birth.