Nokea
Regarding the physical growth of preschool children (3-5 yr), all are true EXCEPT
- A. 7-8 kg weight increment/yr
- B. 6-7 cm height increment/yr
- C. brain myelinization stops by 8 yr
- D. 20 primary teeth erupted by 3 yr
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Weight increment slows after infancy, making 7-8 kg/year incorrect.
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Neuroblastoma can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. All the following features are paraneoplastic EXCEPT
- A. uncontrollable jerking movements
- B. cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination
- C. unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis
- D. profound secretory diarrhea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased body coordination is not a typical feature of neuroblastoma-associated paraneoplastic syndromes.
Marichu is admitted to the hospital because of hepatic failure and was prescribed with lactulose (Duphalac). The primary action of this drug is:
- A. prevent constipation
- B. decrease resident intestinal flora
- C. increase intestinal peristalsis
- D. prevent portal hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lactulose (Duphalac) is a synthetic sugar that is not absorbed in the small intestine but is broken down by bacteria in the colon into short-chain fatty acids and low molecular weight organic acids. The primary action of lactulose is to decrease resident intestinal flora. This reduces the production of ammonia in the colon and leads to acidification of the colonic contents. By doing so, lactulose helps in treating hepatic encephalopathy, a condition associated with hepatic failure where ammonia levels are elevated in the body. It works by promoting the excretion of ammonia through the stool, thereby reducing the toxic effects of ammonia on the brain.
A nurse is conducting a class for adolescent girls about pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Why should the nurse emphasize the importance of preventing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
- A. PID can be sexually transmitted.
- B. PID cannot be treated.
- C. PID can have devastating effects on the reproductive tract.
- D. PID can cause serious defects in future children of affected adolescents.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse should emphasize the importance of preventing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) because it can have devastating effects on the reproductive tract. PID is often caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and can lead to inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding tissues. If left untreated, PID can result in serious complications such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, preventing PID through safe sexual practices and seeking prompt treatment for any signs of infection is crucial to protect the reproductive health of adolescent girls.
At a public health fair, the nurse teaches a group of women about breast cancer awareness. Possible signs of breast cancer include:
- A. Fever.
- B. Nipple discharge and a breast nodule.
- C. Breast changes during menstruation.
- D. Fever and erythema of the breast.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Possible signs of breast cancer include nipple discharge (especially if it is bloody) and a breast nodule or lump that can be felt. It is important to note any changes in the breasts and report them to a healthcare provider for evaluation. Fever, breast changes during menstruation, and erythema of the breast are not typically associated with breast cancer. It is essential for women to perform regular breast self-exams and seek medical attention if they notice any unusual changes in their breast tissue.
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on childhood-acquired heart diseases. Which is a major clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever?
- A. Polyarthritis
- B. Osler nodes
- C. Janeway spots
- D. Splinter hemorrhages of distal third of nails
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory condition that can develop as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infections, such as strep throat. One of the major clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever is polyarthritis, which is characterized by inflammation and pain in multiple joints. It typically involves large joints like the knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists. Polyarthritis in rheumatic fever is migratory in nature, meaning the joint pain shifts from one joint to another over a period of time. Other common clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever include carditis (inflammation of the heart), chorea (involuntary movements), subcutaneous nodules, and erythema marginatum (rash).