Relating to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. Cellulose can be digested by human amylases
- B. It occurs only if bile salts are present
- C. third of starch digestion occurs in the mouth and two-thirds occurs in the small gut
- D. It can only occur in the complete absence of protein digestion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats, not carbohydrates. Cellulose cannot be digested by human amylases, making choice A incorrect. Starch digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase, not one-third in the mouth and two-thirds in the small gut, so choice C is incorrect. Carbohydrate digestion can occur simultaneously with protein digestion, so choice D is also incorrect. Bile salts aid in emulsifying fats, facilitating their digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
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A client has diarrhea due to a high carbohydrate and electrolyte content of the fluid in the tube feeding. Which of the following nursing actions will be most appropriate?
- A. Instructing the client to remain in a semi-Fowler's position
- B. Consulting the physician about decreasing the infusion rate
- C. Administering the tube feedings continuously
- D. Maintaining the tube patency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Reducing the infusion rate allows better absorption of nutrients and decreases the risk of osmotic diarrhea.
Which of these is most associated with villi?
- A. haustra
- B. lacteals
- C. bacterial flora
- D. intestinal glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lacteals. Villi are small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Lacteals are lymphatic vessels found in villi responsible for absorbing dietary fats. Haustra are pouches in the colon, not associated with villi. Bacterial flora is mainly found in the large intestine, not specifically associated with villi. Intestinal glands are responsible for producing digestive enzymes, but they are not directly associated with villi.
A patient diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B asks about drug therapy to treat the disease. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse?
- A. Only chronic hepatitis C is treatable and primarily with antiviral agents and interferon.'
- B. There are no specific drug therapies that are effective for treating acute viral hepatitis.'
- C. Interferon combined with lamivudine (Epivir) will decrease viral load and prevent complications.'
- D. There are no drugs used for the treatment of viral hepatitis because of the risk of additional liver damage.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For chronic hepatitis B, antiviral therapy such as interferon and lamivudine (Epivir) is used to reduce the viral load and prevent complications like cirrhosis.
Combined with clinical manifestations, what is the laboratory finding that is most commonly used to diagnose acute pancreatitis?
- A. Increased serum calcium
- B. Increased serum amylase
- C. Increased urinary amylase
- D. Decreased serum glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased serum amylase is a key laboratory finding used to diagnose acute pancreatitis.
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is ______ , which is controlled by ______ muscle.
- A. involuntary; smooth
- B. voluntary; smooth
- C. involuntary; skeletal
- D. voluntary; skeletal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is an involuntary process, meaning it occurs automatically without conscious control. This phase involves the contraction of skeletal muscles in the pharynx to propel the food bolus towards the esophagus. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, but in the context of swallowing, the pharyngeal phase is involuntary. Thus, the correct answer is C: involuntary; skeletal.
Choice A (involuntary; smooth) is incorrect because smooth muscles are not typically involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Choice B (voluntary; smooth) is incorrect because the pharyngeal phase is not under voluntary control, and smooth muscles are not the primary muscles involved. Choice D (voluntary; skeletal) is incorrect because the pharyngeal phase is involuntary and skeletal muscles, not smooth muscles, are responsible for the muscle contractions during this phase.