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Research into people's eating behaviour has produced several findings. Question: Which finding is NOT correct?
- A. When eating in a group, you eat more than when eating alone
- B. Portion size does not influence how much a person eats
- C. Low prices of high-calorie food contribute to overeating
- D. If you eat with people who eat a lot, you will eat more yourself as well
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Eating truths groups, big portions, cheap junk, piggybacking all pile on, but portion size sways intake, not static. Nurses debunk this, a chronic portion myth.
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A 72 years old man is diagnosed to have Type 2 DM, hypertension and hyperlipidemia with stage 3 chronic kidney disease. He is otherwise well and asymptomatic. He is referred to you for follow-up care. His blood pressure is 142/70 mmHg with HbA1c 6.5%. You would continue his following medications EXCEPT
- A. Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg OD
- B. Simvastatin 40 mg ON
- C. Aspirin 100 mg OD
- D. Glibenclamide 10 mg bid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage 3 CKD eGFR 30-59 means glibenclamide's out; it piles up, risking hypoglycemia in shaky kidneys. Thiazide holds BP, simvastatin guards lipids, aspirin shields heart, irbesartan protects kidneys all stay. Nurses swap sulphonylureas here, dodging chronic sugar crashes in fragile renal states.
Caution should be exercised in the initiation of an ARNI in all of the following clinical scenarios except:
- A. Significant hyperkalaemia
- B. Significant renal dysfunction (eGFR <30 ml/min)
- C. Patient on a maximal dose ACE-inhibitor
- D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan) risks spike with hyperkalemia, renal flop (eGFR <30), ACE-I overlap, or low BP potassium, filtration, washout, and perfusion all teeter. NAFLD? No biggie liver fat doesn't sway ARNI's game. Clinicians greenlight this, dodging chronic cautions elsewhere.
Which of the following nursing interventions would be appropriate for a client with sickle cell disease?
- A. Prepare the client for surgery
- B. Encourage fluid intake
- C. Provide a warm environment
- D. Keep the client strictly NPO
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sickle cell's sticky cells crave hydration fluids thin blood, easing vaso-occlusion, a top intervention to cut crisis. Surgery's rare, warmth helps pain, NPO starves. Nurses push intake, preventing sickling, a hydration win in this hemoglobin war.
Which of the following statements is incorrect in describing the ADEC categorisation of drugs for Pregnancy?
- A. They are based on animal reproductive toxicology
- B. They are based on evidence available at the time of introduction of the drug
- C. The categorisations are revised as new evidence become available
- D. They are based on prospective studies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ADEC's pregnancy drug tags lean on animal data, initial evidence, and updates not prospective human studies, a gap. Animal tox sets baselines, launch data locks in, new proof shifts prospective's too slow. Pharmacists read this, a chronic caution grid.
The best way to prevent chronic complications of diabetes is to:
- A. Take medications as prescribed and remove sugar from the diet completely.
- B. Check feet daily for cuts, long toe nails and infections between the toes.
- C. Maintain a BGL that is as close to normal as possible.
- D. Undertake daily exercise to burn up the excess glucose in the system.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Preventing diabetes complications (e.g., neuropathy, retinopathy) hinges on glycemic control. Medications and sugar elimination help, but total sugar removal is impractical carbohydrates are broader, and control, not absence, matters. Daily foot checks prevent ulcers but address consequences, not root causes. Maintaining blood glucose levels (BGL) near normal (e.g., HbA1c <7%) via diet, exercise, and drugs prevents microvascular (kidney, eye) and macrovascular (heart) damage, per ADA guidelines. Exercise burns glucose, aiding control, but isn't singularly best' it's part of a triad. Tight BGL management reduces oxidative stress, glycation, and vascular injury, evidenced by trials (e.g., DCCT), making it the cornerstone strategy over isolated tactics, ensuring long-term organ protection.