Nokea
Sanitary control is applied to monitor the quality of:
- A. Food, drinking water, restaurants, health care services and transport
- B. Food, drinking water
- C. Food, drinking water, restaurants and health care services
- D. Food, drinking water, and restaurants
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because sanitary control is crucial for monitoring the quality of a wide range of essential services to ensure public health and safety. Food safety, drinking water quality, cleanliness in restaurants, hygiene in healthcare settings, and transportation systems all fall under the purview of sanitary control. Therefore, option A is the most comprehensive and accurate choice.
Option B is incorrect because it does not include monitoring restaurants, health care services, and transport, which are important aspects of sanitary control. Option C is incorrect as it excludes transportation, an essential area that requires sanitary monitoring. Option D is incorrect as it does not cover health care services, which are critical for ensuring public health and safety.
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A patient with fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and bacteremia was diagnosed with plague. The Gram-stained smear revealed bipolar-staining, Gram-negative rods. What is the causative agent?
- A. Yersinia pestis
- B. Francisella tularensis
- C. Brucella abortus
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague, characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and bacteremia. The bipolar-staining, Gram-negative rods seen on Gram stain are typical of Y. pestis.
Incorrect choices:
B: Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, not plague.
C: Brucella abortus causes brucellosis, not plague.
D: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, not plague.
In summary, the key features of the patient's presentation and the Gram stain findings align with Yersinia pestis as the correct causative agent of plague.
Enzymes that remove functional groups from a substrate without adding water, or that add functional groups to a double bond, are called
- A. oxidoreductases.
- B. transferases.
- C. hydrolases.
- D. lyases.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: lyases. Lyases are enzymes that catalyze the breaking of chemical bonds without the addition of water. They can remove functional groups from substrates or add functional groups to double bonds without the use of water.
A: Oxidoreductases involve the transfer of electrons.
B: Transferases transfer functional groups from one molecule to another.
C: Hydrolases catalyze the breaking of bonds by adding water.
A patient with a productive cough and fever had a Gram-positive cocci isolated from a sputum sample. The bacteria were catalase-positive and coagulase-negative. What is the likely microorganism?
- A. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria meningitidis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Staphylococcus epidermidis.
1. Gram-positive cocci suggest a staphylococcal species.
2. Catalase-positive indicates it belongs to the Staphylococcus genus.
3. Coagulase-negative rules out Staphylococcus aureus.
4. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of infections in immunocompromised patients.
Summary:
- B: Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase-positive.
- C: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive diplococci.
- D: Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococci.
At a bacteriological laboratory animal skins are analyzed by means of Ascoli precipitaion test. What is detected if the reaction is positive?
- A. Anthrax agent antigens
- B. Brucellosis agent
- C. Anaerobic infection toxin
- D. Plague agent
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Ascoli precipitation test is specifically used to detect anthrax agent antigens. The test involves mixing a patient's serum with a solution containing anthrax antigens, leading to precipitation if the antigens are present. Therefore, a positive reaction in this test indicates the presence of anthrax agent antigens. The other choices (B: Brucellosis agent, C: Anaerobic infection toxin, D: Plague agent) are incorrect because the Ascoli precipitation test is not designed to detect these specific agents or toxins.
Which bacteria are capable of producing spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (Both A and B) because both Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis are capable of producing spores. Spores are highly resistant structures that allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions. Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis produce spores as a survival mechanism when conditions become unfavorable. Choice A (Clostridium botulinum) is incorrect because it only represents one of the bacteria capable of producing spores. Choice B (Bacillus anthracis) is also incorrect as it alone does not encompass all bacteria capable of producing spores. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as both bacteria mentioned can produce spores.