Nokea
Secondary prevention for cognitive impairment includes what activity?
- A. Genetic counseling
- B. Avoidance of prenatal rubella infection
- C. Preschool education and counseling services
- D. Newborn screening for treatable inborn errors of metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early identification and treatment to prevent cerebral damage, such as newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism like hypothyroidism or phenylketonuria. Genetic counseling and rubella prevention are primary prevention, while preschool education is tertiary prevention.
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The mother of a young child with cognitive impairment asks for suggestions about how to teach her child to use a spoon for eating. The nurse should make which recommendation?
- A. Do a task analysis first.
- B. Do not expect this task to be learned.
- C. Continue to spoon feed the child until the child tries to do it alone.
- D. Offer only finger foods so spoon feeding is unnecessary.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Task analysis breaks down self-feeding into manageable steps, guiding the child to master each component. Expecting the task to be unlearnable is defeatist, continued spoon-feeding delays independence, and finger foods avoid necessary socialization skills.
What condition is defined as reduced visual acuity in one eye despite appropriate optical correction?
- A. Myopia
- B. Hyperopia
- C. Amblyopia
- D. Astigmatism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is reduced visual acuity in one eye despite correction, often due to insufficient visual stimulation. Myopia is nearsightedness, hyperopia is farsightedness, and astigmatism involves unequal refractive curvatures, none of which define amblyopia.
A father calls the emergency department nurse saying that his daughters eyes burn after getting some dishwasher detergent in them. The nurse recommends that the child be seen in the emergency department or by an ophthalmologist. The nurse also should recommend which action before the child is transported?
- A. Keep the eyes closed.
- B. Apply cold compresses.
- C. Irrigate the eyes copiously with tap water for 20 minutes.
- D. Prepare a normal saline solution (salt and water) and irrigate the eyes for 20 minutes.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Irrigating the eyes with tap water for 20 minutes immediately flushes out the detergent, minimizing damage. Keeping eyes closed or applying compresses risks further harm, and preparing saline delays critical irrigation.
Autism is a complex developmental disorder. The diagnostic criteria for autism include delayed or abnormal functioning in which area with onset before age 3 years?
- A. Parallel play
- B. Gross motor development
- C. Ability to maintain eye contact
- D. Growth below the fifth percentile
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is the inability to maintain eye contact, reflecting impaired social interaction, with onset before age 3. Parallel play and gross motor development are typically unaffected, and physical growth is not a diagnostic criterion.
The nurse should suspect a hearing impairment in an infant who fails to demonstrate which behavior?
- A. Babbling by age 12 months
- B. Eye contact when being spoken to
- C. Startle or blink reflex to sound
- D. Gesturing to indicate wants after age 15 months
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Absence of babbling by 7 months, and certainly by 12 months, suggests hearing impairment, as it indicates a lack of auditory input for language development. Eye contact and gesturing are not directly tied to hearing, and a startle reflex may occur with loud noises despite hearing issues.