Since nadine is Four years old, Nurse Alma needs to determine the routines and rituals concerning, which of the following, EXCEPT ______.
- A. Feeding
- B. Sleep pattern
- C. Toilet training
- D. Favorite toys
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Since Nadine is just four years old, determining her favorite toys is not a critical aspect for Nurse Alma to consider in terms of routines and rituals. While knowing Nadine's favorite toys may help provide comfort or distraction, it is not as essential as ensuring proper feeding, sleep patterns, and toilet training for a young child's well-being and development. The focus should primarily be on aspects that directly impact her physical health, growth, and daily routines at this age.
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A patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) presents with recurrent pulmonary exacerbations characterized by increased sputum production, cough, and fever. Which of the following treatments is most effective for addressing the underlying pathophysiology of CF and preventing disease progression?
- A. Inhaled corticosteroids
- B. Mucolytic agents (e.g., dornase alfa)
- C. Antibiotic therapy for respiratory infections
- D. Lung transplantation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The most effective treatment for addressing the underlying pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) and preventing disease progression is the use of mucolytic agents, such as dornase alfa. CF is a genetic disorder that leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract. This mucus buildup can obstruct airways, lead to recurrent infections, and contribute to pulmonary exacerbations. Mucolytic agents work by reducing the viscosity of the mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways. This helps to improve lung function, reduce the frequency of exacerbations, and slow down disease progression in CF patients. Inhaled corticosteroids may be used for managing airway inflammation, but they do not target the underlying mucus production in CF. Antibiotic therapy is important for treating respiratory infections in CF patients, but it does not address the primary
Attention deficit, Hyperactivity, disorder (ADHD) is characterized by NOT one of the following?
- A. Mental retardation
- B. Inattentiveness
- C. Over activity
- D. Impulsiveness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty paying attention, completing tasks, sitting still, or controlling their impulses. Mental retardation (now referred to as intellectual disability) is a separate condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. While individuals with ADHD may experience difficulties in school or work due to their symptoms, ADHD itself does not indicate mental retardation.
A nurse is preparing to perform a tracheostomy tube change for a patient. What action should the nurse prioritize to ensure patient safety during the procedure?
- A. Using sterile technique during the tube change
- B. Administering sedation to the patient before the procedure
- C. Skipping the suctioning step to minimize patient discomfort
- D. Changing the tracheostomy ties after completing the tube change
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nurse should prioritize using sterile technique during the tracheostomy tube change to ensure patient safety. Tracheostomy procedures involve a direct entry into the airway, making it crucial to prevent infection and reduce the risk of complications. Sterile technique, including proper hand hygiene, wearing sterile gloves, and using sterile equipment, helps minimize the introduction of pathogens into the patient's airway, reducing the risk of infection. By maintaining a sterile field, the nurse can protect the patient from potential harm and promote a successful outcome of the tracheostomy tube change.
The blood protein involved in the immune system is:
- A. Thrombin
- B. Albumin
- C. Globulin
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Globulin is the blood protein involved in the immune system. There are different types of globulins, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) that play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. These antibodies bind to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, helping the immune system to recognize and destroy them. Thrombin is a clotting protein, albumin is a protein responsible for maintaining osmotic balance in the blood, and hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
A patient presents with gradual, painless visual field loss in both eyes, particularly in the peripheral vision. Tonometry reveals elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Open-angle glaucoma
- B. Closed-angle glaucoma
- C. Age-related macular degeneration
- D. Diabetic retinopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The patient presents with gradual, painless visual field loss in both eyes, particularly in the peripheral vision, which is characteristic of glaucoma. The elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) on tonometry further supports a diagnosis of glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma and typically presents insidiously with a slow progression of vision loss. In open-angle glaucoma, the drainage angle of the eye remains open but becomes less efficient over time, leading to increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage. This results in peripheral visual field loss. Closed-angle glaucoma, on the other hand, presents more acutely with sudden eye pain, redness, and blurred vision due to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure from a blocked drainage angle. Age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy typically do not present with elevated IOP or peripheral visual field loss.