Nokea
Some drugs are excreted into bile and delivered to the intestines. Prior to elimination from the body, the drug might be absorbed. This process is known as:
- A. hepatic clearance.
- B. total clearance.
- C. enterohepatic cycling.
- D. first-pass effect.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'enterohepatic cycling.' This process involves drugs being excreted into bile, delivered to the intestines, reabsorbed into the circulation, and can prolong the drug's presence in the body. 'Hepatic clearance' (Choice A) refers to the amount of drug eliminated by the liver. 'Total clearance' (Choice B) is the sum of all types of clearance including renal, hepatic, and respiratory. 'First-pass effect' (Choice D) is the amount of drug absorbed from the GI tract and metabolized by the liver before entering circulation, reducing the amount of drug available for systemic circulation.
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Why is the intravenous route potentially the most dangerous route of drug administration?
- A. IV infiltration may occur.
- B. it allows for rapid administration of a drug.
- C. rapid administration of a drug can lead to toxicity
- D. it is the most commonly used route in hospitals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rapid administration of a drug can lead to toxicity. When a drug is administered intravenously, it has 100% bioavailability, entering the bloodstream immediately and increasing the risk of toxicity if not carefully monitored. While IV infiltration (choice A) can cause tissue damage, it is not typically life-threatening. Choice B is incorrect as the speed of administration is not the primary reason for the danger; it is the immediate and full dose reaching the bloodstream. Choice D is incorrect as the popularity of the route does not inherently make it more dangerous.
The nurse suspects an elderly client has been the victim of abuse. The client denies abuse and declines assistance. The nurse's next action should be to:
- A. respect the client's decision to refuse assistance.
- B. report the incident to the authorities.
- C. arrange an appointment with the client's family.
- D. educate the client about available services.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In cases where elderly clients deny abuse and refuse assistance, it is crucial for the nurse to respect their autonomy while also ensuring their safety. Educating the client about available services is the appropriate action as it empowers the client with information without imposing any decisions on them. It allows the client to make informed choices regarding their well-being. Reporting the incident to the authorities (Choice B) may be necessary if there is immediate danger, but in this scenario, the client denies abuse. Arranging an appointment with the client's family (Choice C) may not be appropriate without the client's consent or in cases where the family might be involved in the abuse. Simply doing nothing (Choice A) is not the best course of action as the nurse should still provide support and resources to the client.
A client reports that someone is in the room and trying to kill him. The nurse's best response is:
- A. "No one is in your room. Let's get you more medicine."?
- B. "I do not see anyone, but you seem to be very frightened."?
- C. "No one can hurt you here."?
- D. "Just tell the person to go away."?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a client reports hallucinations or delusions, it is crucial to respond in a non-confrontational and empathetic manner. Choice B acknowledges the client's fear without confirming the delusion, showing understanding, and providing reassurance. This response validates the client's feelings without reinforcing the false belief. The other responses in choices A, C, and D dismiss the client's feelings or perceptions, which can escalate the situation and harm the therapeutic relationship.
There are many types of torts that can be committed against clients. They include all of the following except:
- A. assault.
- B. battery.
- C. negligence.
- D. felony.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'felony.' Felonies are serious crimes punishable by time in prison and are not considered types of torts. Types of torts include assault, battery, negligence, as well as other examples like slander, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, and fraud. Assault involves the threat of harm, battery involves physical harm, and negligence involves a failure to exercise reasonable care. These are all civil wrongs (torts) rather than criminal offenses (felonies), making 'felony' the correct choice.
The nurse and a colleague are on the elevator after their shift, and they hear a group of health caregivers discussing a recent client scenario. Which client right might be breached?
- A. right to refuse treatment
- B. right to continuity of care
- C. right to confidentiality
- D. right to reasonable responses to requests
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The right to confidentiality of client information might be breached when client care situations are discussed in public areas or without regard to maintaining the information as private and confidential. In this scenario, discussing a client scenario in a public elevator could potentially lead to the breach of the client's right to confidentiality. The other choices, such as the right to refuse treatment, right to continuity of care, and right to reasonable responses to requests, are not typically breached in this context. It is important to uphold client confidentiality to maintain trust and privacy in healthcare settings.